Conjunction introduction (often abbreviated simply as conjunction and also called and introduction or adjunction)
is a
valid rule of inference
Rules of inference are ways of deriving conclusions from premises. They are integral parts of formal logic, serving as norms of the Logical form, logical structure of Validity (logic), valid arguments. If an argument with true premises follows a ...
of
propositional logic
The propositional calculus is a branch of logic. It is also called propositional logic, statement logic, sentential calculus, sentential logic, or sometimes zeroth-order logic. Sometimes, it is called ''first-order'' propositional logic to contra ...
. The rule makes it possible to introduce a
conjunction into a
logical proof. It is the
inference
Inferences are steps in logical reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word '' infer'' means to "carry forward". Inference is theoretically traditionally divided into deduction and induction, a distinct ...
that if the
proposition
A proposition is a statement that can be either true or false. It is a central concept in the philosophy of language, semantics, logic, and related fields. Propositions are the object s denoted by declarative sentences; for example, "The sky ...
is true, and the proposition
is true, then the logical conjunction of the two propositions
and
is true. For example, if it is true that "it is raining", and it is true that "the cat is inside", then it is true that "it is raining and the cat is inside". The rule can be stated:
:
where the rule is that wherever an instance of "
" and "
" appear on lines of a proof, a "
" can be placed on a subsequent line.
Formal notation
The ''conjunction introduction'' rule may be written in
sequent notation:
:
where
and
are propositions expressed in some
formal system
A formal system is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms.
In 1921, David Hilbert proposed to use formal systems as the foundation of knowledge in ma ...
, and
is a
metalogical
symbol
A symbol is a mark, Sign (semiotics), sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, physical object, object, or wikt:relationship, relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by cr ...
meaning that
is a
syntactic consequence if
and
are each on lines of a proof in some
logical system;
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Conjunction Introduction
Rules of inference
Theorems in propositional logic