Conducting Redox Polymer on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
Conducting redox polymers (CRPs) or intrinsically conducting redox polymers are organic 
The conducting polymer backbone makes the addition of conductive additives obsolete which is a major advantage for practical applications like
polymers
A polymer () is a substance or material that consists of very large molecules, or macromolecules, that are constituted by many repeating subunits derived from one or more species of monomers. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, b ...
that combine the properties of conducting polymers
Conductive polymers or, more precisely, intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) are organic polymers that Electrical conductance, conduct electricity. Such compounds may have metallic conductivity or can be semiconductors. The main advantage o ...
and redox active polymers
Redox ( , , reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is ...
. They consist of a conducting polymer backbone with redox active pendant groups.
The conducting backbone is usually polythiophene
Polythiophenes (PTs) are polymerized thiophenes, a sulfur heterocyclic compound, heterocycle. The parent PT is an insoluble colored solid with the formula (C4H2S)n.Strictly speaking, "polythiophene" is a misnomer, since the polymer consists of ...
or polypyrrole
Polypyrrole (PPy) is an organic polymer obtained by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole. It is a solid with the formula H(C4H2NH)nH. It is an intrinsically conducting polymer, used in electronics, optical, biological and medical fields.
Histor ...
based. As pendant groups quinone
The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from aromatic compounds benzene.html" ;"title="uch as benzene">uch as benzene or naphthalene] by conversion of an even number of –CH= groups into –C(=O)– groups with ...
s, radicals (eg. TEMPO
In musical terminology, tempo (Italian for 'time'; plural 'tempos', or from the Italian plural), measured in beats per minute, is the speed or pace of a given musical composition, composition, and is often also an indication of the composition ...
), and metal complexes (eg. ferrocene
Ferrocene is an organometallic chemistry, organometallic compound with the formula . The molecule is a Cyclopentadienyl complex, complex consisting of two Cyclopentadienyl anion, cyclopentadienyl rings sandwiching a central iron atom. It is an o ...
) have been used.
The conducting polymer backbone makes the addition of conductive additives obsolete which is a major advantage for practical applications like energy storage
Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time to reduce imbalances between energy demand and energy production. A device that stores energy is generally called an Accumulator (energy), accumulator or Batte ...
compared to conventional redox active polymers.
Synthesis
The general strategy for the synthesis of conducting redox polymers is to attach a redox active group to amonomer
A monomer ( ; ''mono-'', "one" + '' -mer'', "part") is a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or two- or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization.
Classification
Chemis ...
(or a trimer) of the respective conducting polymer. These monomer
A monomer ( ; ''mono-'', "one" + '' -mer'', "part") is a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or two- or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization.
Classification
Chemis ...
s, which are often EDOT derivatives, are subsequently polymerised either by electropolymerization or by chemical oxidative polymerisation (eg. with FeCl3 or Fe(OTs)3).
Redox Potential Matching
When designing a conducting redox polymer it is important to consider the different redox-potentials of the pendant group and the polymer backbone, as the polymer backbone is only conductive in its doped state. If the polymer backbone loses its conductivity before the redox reaction of the pendant group is complete, the pendant group can get trapped in its charged state. In order to avoid charge trapping, the polymer backbone must be sufficiently conductive in the potential region in which the redox-reaction of the pendant group occurs, hence the doping onset potential has to be lower than the redox-potential of the oxidation, or higher than the redox-potential of the reduction. Conducting redox polymers in which this is fulfilled, are referred to as having a potential match between the polymer backbone and the pendant group.{{Cite journal, last1=Wang, first1=Huan, last2=Emanuelsson, first2=Rikard, last3=Liu, first3=Haidong, last4=Edström, first4=Kristina, last5=Mamedov, first5=Fikret, last6=Strømme, first6=Maria, last7=Sjödin, first7=Martin, date=2019-10-28, title=Redox-State-Dependent Interplay between Pendant Group and Conducting Polymer Backbone in Quinone-Based Conducting Redox Polymers for Lithium Ion Batteries, url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsaem.9b01130, journal=ACS Applied Energy Materials, language=en, volume=2, issue=10, pages=7162–7170, doi=10.1021/acsaem.9b01130, issn=2574-0962, url-access=subscriptionReferences