conditional tense

The conditional mood ( abbreviated ) is a grammatical mood used in conditional sentences to express a proposition whose validity is dependent on some condition, possibly counterfactual.

It may refer to a distinct verb form that expresses the conditional set of circumstances proper in the dependent clause or '' protasis'' (e.g. in Turkish or Azerbaijani), or which expresses the hypothetical state of affairs or uncertain event contingent to it in the independent clause or '' apodosis'', or both (e.g. in Hungarian or Finnish). Some languages distinguish more than one conditional mood; the East African language Hadza, for example, has a ''potential'' conditional expressing possibility, and a '' veridical'' conditional expressing certainty. Other languages do not have a conditional mood at all . In some informal contexts, such as language teaching, it may be called the "conditional tense".

Some languages have verb forms called "conditional" although their use is not exclusive to conditional expression. Examples are the English and French conditionals (an analytic construction in English, but inflected verb forms in French), which are morphologically futures-in-the-past, and of which each has thus been referred to as a "so-called conditional" (french: soi-disant conditionnel) in modern and contemporary linguistics (e.g. French , from Late Latin , in , "if you allowed me to do so, I would sing" o-called conditionalvs. , "I said that I would sing" uture-in-the-past. The English ''would'' construction may also be used for past habitual action ("When I was young I would happily walk three miles to school every day").

This article describes the formation of the conditional forms of verbs in certain languages. For fuller details of the construction of conditional sentences, see Conditional sentence (and for English specifically, English conditional sentences).

Germanic languages

English

English does not have an inflective (morphological) conditional mood, except inasmuch as the modal verbs ''could'', ''might'', ''should'' and ''would'' may in some contexts be regarded as conditional forms of ''can'', ''may'', ''shall'' and ''will'' respectively. What is called the English conditional mood (or just the conditional) is formed periphrastically using the modal verb ''would'' in combination with the bare infinitive of the following verb. (Occasionally ''should'' is used in place of ''would'' with a first person subject – see ''shall'' and ''will''. Also the aforementioned modal verbs ''could'', ''might'' and ''should'' may replace ''would'' in order to express appropriate modality in addition to conditionality.)

English has three types of conditional sentences, which may be described as ''factual'' ("conditional 0": "When I feel well, I sing"), ''predictive'' ("conditional I": "If I feel well, I shall sing"), and '' counterfactual'' ("conditional II" or "conditional III": "If I felt well, I would sing"; "If I had felt well, I would have sung"; or "Were I well (if I were well) I would have sung"). As in many other languages, it is only the counterfactual type that causes the conditional mood to be used.

Conditionality may be expressed in several tense–aspect forms. These are the simple conditional (''would sing''), the conditional progressive (''would be singing''), the conditional perfect (''would have sung''), and conditional perfect progressive (''would have been singing''). For the uses of these, see Uses of English verb forms. The conditional simple and progressive may also be called the ''present conditional'', while the perfect forms can be called ''past conditional''.

For details of the formation of conditional clauses and sentences in English, see English conditional sentences.

German

In German, the following verbal constructions are sometimes referred to as ''conditional'' (German: ''Konditional''):
*'' Konjunktiv II'', corresponds to English's present conditional. It is formed either with vowel change or with the auxiliary verb ''werden'' in its subjunctive form, plus the infinitive:
::''Ich käme'' ("I would come")
::''Ich würde kommen'' ("I would come")
*''Konjunktiv II, Plusquamperfekt'' corresponds to English's past conditional. It is a form of the perfect construction, using a form of the auxiliary ''haben'' or ''sein'' (depending on the main verb) together with the past participle of the main verb. The auxiliary in this case takes past subjunctive form: ''hätte/st/t/n'' (in the case of ''haben'') or ''wäre/st/t/n'' (in the case of ''sein'').
::''Ich hätte gesungen'' ("I had ubjunctivesung", i.e. "I would have sung")
::''Sie wären gekommen'' ("They were ubjunctivecome", i.e. "They would have come")
For more information, see German conjugation.

Dutch

The main conditional construction in Dutch involves the past tense of the verb ''zullen'', the auxiliary of the future tenses, cognate with English ''shall''.
::''Ik zou zingen'' 'I would sing', lit. 'I should sing' — referred to as ''onvoltooid verleden toekomende tijd'' 'imperfect past future tense'
::''Ik zou gegaan zijn'' 'I would have gone', lit. 'I should have gone' — referred to as ''voltooid verleden toekomende tijd'' 'perfect past future tense'
The latter tense is sometimes replaced by the past perfect (''plusquamperfect'').
::''Ik was gegaan'', lit. 'I had gone'

Romance languages

While Latin did not conjugate separately for the conditional (it used Imperfect Subjunctive and Pluperfect Subjunctive for present and perfect conditional respectively), most of the Romance languages developed a conditional paradigm. The evolution of these forms (and of the innovative Romance future tense forms) is a well-known example of grammaticalization, whereby a syntactically and semantically independent word becomes a bound morpheme with a highly reduced semantic function. The Romance conditional (and future) forms are derived from the Latin infinitive followed by a finite form of the verb . This verb originally meant "to have" in Classical Latin, but in Late Latin picked up a grammatical use as a temporal or modal auxiliary. The fixing of word order (infinitive + auxiliary) and the phonological reduction of the inflected forms of ''habēre'' eventually led to the fusion of the two elements into a single synthetic form.

In French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan and Occitan, the conditional endings come from the imperfect of Latin . For example, in the first person singular:

A trace of the historical presence of two separate verbs can still be seen in the possibility of mesoclisis in conservative varieties of European Portuguese, where an object pronoun can appear between the verb stem and the conditional ending (e.g. '; see ).

Italian

Old Italian had originally three different forms of conditional:Linguistica storica dell'italiano, Sarà Macchi https://www.academia.edu/5785033/Linguistica_storica_dellitaliano
*one based on ''infinitive'' + conditional endings from the ''perfect'' of Latin , (Tuscan type), e.g. ''canterebbe'' - he would sing (literally from ''he had to sing'');
*one based on ''infinitive'' + conditional endings from the ''imperfect'' of Latin , (Sicilian/Provençal type), e.g. ''cantarìa'' (literally from ''he was having to sing'');
*one derived directly from Latin '' pluperfect'', e.g. ''cantàra'' (literally from ''he had sung'').
Only the Tuscan form survives in modern Italian:
: future stem ''canter-'' + Old It. preterit ''abbe'' '(s)he had' > Old It. ''canterabbe'' '(s)he would have sung' > It. ' '(s)he would sing'
The second and third types have slowly disappeared remaining until the 19th century in some poetic composition for metric needs.

Romanian

Romanian uses a periphrastic construction for the conditional, e.g. 1sg ', 2sg ', 3sg/pl ', 1pl ', 2pl ' + ' 'sing'. The modal clitic mixes forms of Latin ''habēre'':
* ', ', and ' (if not auxiliary clitics) are presumably from the Latin imperfect (*''eas'', ''eamus'', ''eatis'' < ''habēbās'', ''habēbāmus'', and ''habēbātis'');
* ' (< older ', ''are'') allegedly comes from the imperfect subjunctive (3sg ''habēret'' and 3pl ''habērent''); and
* ' (< older ') continues Latin pluperfect subjunctive ''habessim'' (cf. Italian impf. subj. ''avessi'', French ''eusse'') which formed the basis of the Romance imperfect subjunctive.
Old Romanian, on the other hand, used a periphrastic construction with the imperfect of ' 'to want' + verb, e.g. ' 'I would sing', ' 'you would sing', etc. Until the 17th century, Old Romanian also preserved a synthetic conditional, e.g. ' 'I would sing', ' 'we would sing', and ' 'he would give', retained from either the Latin future perfect or perfect subjunctive (or a mixture of both). Aromanian and Istro-Romanian have maintained the same synthetic conditional:

* Aromanian: ' 'I would sing', ', ', ', ', '; and
* Istro-Romanian: ' 'I would find', ', ', ', ', '.Blair A. Rudes, "The Functional Development of the Verbal Suffix +''esc''+ in Romance", in ''Historical Morphology'', ed. Jacek Fisiak (The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter, 1980), 336.

Portuguese

In Portuguese, the conditional is formed by the imperfect form of ''habēre'' affixed to the main verb's infinitive. However, in spoken language, the periphrastic form is also extremely common.

Portuguese conditional is also called past future ''futuro do pretérito'', as it describes both conjectures that would occur given a certain condition and actions that were to take place in the future, from a past perspective. When the conditional has the former purpose, it imperatively comes along with a conditional subordinate clause in the past subjunctive.

The Conditional is also one of the two Portuguese tenses which demand ''mesoclisis'' when ''proclisis'' is forbidden – since ''enclisis'' is always considered ungrammatical.
* ''Não o falaríamos/ Não to falaríamos'' (we would not say it/ we would not say it to you) Grammatical use of ''proclisis''.
* ''Falá-lo-íamos/ Falar-to-íamos'' (we would say it/ we would say it to you) Grammatical use of ''mesoclisis''.
* ''O falaríamos/ To falaríamos'' (we would say it/ we would say it to you) Ungrammatical use of ''proclisis''.
* ''Falaríamo-lo/ Falaríamo-to'' (we would say it/ we would say it to you) Ungrammatical use of ''enclisis''.

Spanish

In Spanish the conditional is formed by the infinitive of the verb with a postfix, e.g. -''ía'', for all verbs. For irregular verbs, the stem is modified.

Slavic languages

Russian

In Russian, the conditional mood is formed by the past tense of the verb with the particle бы ''by'', which usually follows the verb. For example:
* Я хотел петь (''ja khotél pet') ''("I wanted to sing")
* Я хотел бы петь (''ja khotél by pet') ''("I would like, ''literally'' would want, to sing")

This form is sometimes also called the subjunctive mood. For more information on its usage, see Russian verbs.

Polish

Polish forms the conditional mood in a similar way to Russian, using the particle ''by'' together with the past tense of the verb. This is an enclitic particle, which often attaches to the first stressed word in the clause, rather than following the verb. It also takes the personal endings (in the first and second persons) which usually attach to the past tense. For example:
* ''śpiewałem/śpiewałam'' ("I sang", masculine/feminine)
* ''śpiewał(a)bym'', or ''ja bym śpiewał(a)'' ("I would sing")

The clitic can move after conjunctions, e.g.:
* ''gdybym śpiewał'' ("if I sang"), forming a conditional conjunction ''gdyby'', ''jeśliby'' is also possible here
* ''myślę, że by śpiewał'' ("I think that he would sing")

Note that the clitic can not form a single verb with certain conjunctions, nor start the subordinate clause, as it would change the meaning to the subjunctive,Anastasia Smirnova, Vedrana Mihaliček, Lauren Ressue, ''Formal Studies in Slavic Linguistics'', Cambridge Scholar Publishing, Newcastle upon Type, Wielka Brytania, 2010: Barbara Tomaszewicz, Subjunctive Mood in Polish and the Clause Typing Hypothesis e.g.

* ''chcę, żeby śpiewał'' or a shorter ''chcę, by śpiewał'' ("I want him to sing")

There is also a past conditional, which also includes the past tense of the copular verb ''być'', as in ''był(a)bym śpiewał(a)'' ("I would have sung"), but this is rarely used.

For details see Polish verbs.

Uralic languages

Hungarian

Hungarian uses a marker for expressing the conditional mood. This marker has four forms: ''-na'', ''-ne'', ''-ná'' and ''-né''. In the present tense, the marker appears right after the verb stem and just before the affix of the verbal person. For example: ''I would sit: ül (sit) + ne + k (referring to the person I) = ülnék''. (In Hungarian, when a word ends with a vowel, and a suffix or a marker or an affix is added to its end, the vowel becomes long.) When making an if-sentence, the conditional mood is used in both apodosis and the protasis:

* Elmennék Olaszországba, ha lenne elég pénzem. (I would go to Italy if I had enough money.)

In Hungarian, the past tense is expressed with a marker as well, but two verbal markers are never used in sequence. Therefore, the auxiliary verb ''volna'' is used for expressing the conditional mood in the past. The word ''volna'' is the conditional form of the verb ''van (be)''. The marker of past is ''-t/-tt'', and is put exactly the same place as the marker of conditional mood in the present.

* Elmentem volna Olaszországba, ha lett volna elég pénzem. (I would have gone to Italy if I had had enough money.)

Expressing a future action with the conditional mood is exactly the same as the present, although an additional word referring to either a definite or indefinite time in the future is often used: majd ''(then)'', holnap ''(tomorrow)'', etc.

* Ha holnap ráérnék, megcsinálnám a házimat. (If I had time tomorrow, I would do my homework.)

The conditional mood is often used with potential suffixes attached to the verb stem ''(-hat/-het)'', and the two are therefore often confused.

* Megeheted az ebédem, ha akarod. (You can/may eat my lunch if you want to.) ''Not conditional''
* Megehetnéd az ebédem, ha akarnád. (You could eat my lunch if you wanted to.) ''Conditional with potential suffixes''
* Megehetted volna az ebédem, ha akartad volna. (You could have eaten my lunch, if you had wanted to.) ''Conditional with potential suffixes in the past''

Finnish

In Finnish the conditional mood is used in both the apodosis and the protasis, just like in Hungarian. It uses the conditional marker ''-isi-'':

* Ostaisin talon, jos ansaitsisin paljon rahaa. (I would buy a house if I earned a lot of money).

Notes

References

Further reading

*Aski, Janice M. 1996. "Lightening the Teacher's Load: Linguistic Analysis and Language Instruction". ''Italica'' 73(4): 473–492.
*Benveniste, E. 1968. "Mutations of linguistic categories". In Y. Malkiel and W.P. Lehmann (eds) ''Directions for historical linguistics'', pp. 83–94. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.
*Joseph, Brian D. 1983. ''The synchrony and diachrony of the Balkan infinitive: a study in general, areal, and historical linguistics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .

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Grammatical moods
Grammatical tenses
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