''Conasprella'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of sea snails, marine gastropod

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is es ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Conidae Conidae, with the current common name of " cone snails", is a taxonomic family (previously subfamily) of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Conoidea. The 2014 classification of the superfamily Conoidea, group ...

, the

cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex. A cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines ...

and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=428971 on 2015-02-28 This genus was formerly (February 2015) treated by some experts as a member of the family

Conilithidae Conilithidae is a proposed taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, specifically cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea, the cone snails and their allies.Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic clas ...

and as an "alternative representation" of this group of species.

Distinguishing characteristics

The Tucker & Tenorio 2009 taxonomy distinguishes ''Conasprella'' from ''Conus'' in the following ways:Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009), Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, ConchBooks, Hankenheim, Germany, 295 pp. * Genus ''Conus'' ''

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

'' Linnaeus, 1758 :: Shell characters (living and fossil species) :::The basic shell shape is conical to elongated conical, has a deep anal notch on the shoulder, a smooth

periostracum The periostracum ( ) is a thin, organic coating (or "skin") that is the outermost layer of the shell of many shelled animals, including molluscs and brachiopods. Among molluscs, it is primarily seen in snails and clams, i.e. in gastropods a ...

and a small operculum. The shoulder of the shell is usually nodulose and the

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also calle ...

is usually multispiral. Markings often include the presence of tents except for black or white color variants, with the absence of spiral lines of minute tents and textile bars. ::Radular tooth (not known for fossil species) :::The

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

has an elongated anterior section with serrations and a large exposed terminating cusp, a non-obvious waist, blade is either small or absent and has a short barb, and lacks a basal spur. ::Geographical distribution :::These species are found in the

Indo-Pacific The Indo-Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth. In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific Asia, it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the ...

region. ::Feeding habits :::These species eat other gastropods including

cones A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex. A cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines co ...

. * Genus ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 ::Shell characters (living and fossil species) :::The

is multispiral with 2.5 whorls, the shell is conical in shape, the spire is elevated, the early whorls have nodules at the periphery. The body whorl has evenly spaced cords or sulci that reach the midbody to the shoulder, and the whorls may have cords on top. The anterior notch is absent and the anal notch is deep. The

is smooth, and the operculum is small. ::Radular tooth (not known for fossil species) :::The blade is short and covers one-third of the anterior section of the radular tooth. The posterior blade is absent, a basal spur is present, and the barb is short. A shaft fold and interior posterior fold is present, however the shaft fold is difficult to detect. ::Geographical distribution :::These species are found throughout the Indo-Pacific region. ::Feeding habits :::These species are presumed to be vermivorous (meaning that they prey on marine worms) based upon their

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...

Species list

This list of species is based on the information in the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific speciali ...

(

WoRMS Worms may refer to: *Worm, an invertebrate animal with a tube-like body and no limbs Places *Worms, Germany, a city ** Worms (electoral district) * Worms, Nebraska, U.S. *Worms im Veltlintal, the German name for Bormio, Italy Arts and entertai ...

) list. Species within the genus ''Conasprella'' include: According to the 2014 taxonomy, the following species include the following subgenera: ''Boucheticonus'', ''Coltroconus'', ''Conasprella'', ''Dalliconus'', ''Endemoconus'', ''Fusiconus'', ''Kohniconus'', ''Lilliconus'', ''Parviconus'', ''Pseudoconorbis'', and ''Ximenoconus'', as well as '' Conasprella delessertii'' (Récluz, 1843), a species "incertae sedes". Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). ''One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails''. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1-23
/ref> These subgenera are accepted and are considered alternative representations. * '' Conasprella aculeiformis'' (Reeve, 1844) * '' Conasprella agassizi'' (Dall, 1886) * '' Conasprella ageri'' Hendricks, 2015 * '' Conasprella alexandremonteiroi'' (Cossignani, 2014) * ''

Conasprella alisi ''Conasprella alisi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella alisi (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Richard, 1995). Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Richard, 1995) * '' Conasprella allamandi'' (Petuch, 2013) * ''

Conasprella anacarolinae ''Conasprella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

'' Cossignani, 2019 * '' Conasprella anaglyptica'' (Crosse, 1865) * ''

Conasprella aphrodite ''Conasprella aphrodite'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella aphrodite (Petuch, 1979). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...

'' (Petuch, 1979) * '' Conasprella aquitanica'' (Mayer, 1858) * '' Conasprella arawak'' (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014) * '' Conasprella arcuata'' (Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1829) * '' Conasprella armiger'' (Crosse, 1858) * ''

Conasprella articulata ''Conasprella articulata'', common name the Nada cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conasprella'', th ...

'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1873) * ''

Conasprella aturensis ''Conasprella aturensis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessa ...

'' (Peyrot, 1931) * '' Conasprella baccata'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1877) * '' Conasprella baileyi'' (Röckel & da Motta, 1979) * '' Conasprella bajanensis'' (Nowell-Usticke, 1968) * '' Conasprella berschaueri'' (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014) * '' Conasprella berwerthi'' (Hoernes & Auinger, 1879) * '' Conasprella bianchii'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018) * '' Conasprella boholensis'' (Petuch, 1979) * ''

Conasprella booti ''Conasprella booti'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.MolluscaBase (2018). Conasprella booti (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017). Accessed through: World Regist ...

'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017) * ''

Conasprella boriqua ''Conasprella boriqua'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessari ...

'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016) * '' Conasprella boucheti'' (Richard, 1983) * '' Conasprella bozzettii'' (Lauer, 1991) * '' Conasprella burckhardti'' (Böse, 1906) * '' Conasprella carlagrezziae'' (Petuch, Coltro & Berschauer, 2020) * ''

Conasprella carvalhoi ''Conasprella carvalhoi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessari ...

'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2017) * ''

Conasprella centurio ''Conasprella centurio'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessar ...

'' (Born, 1778) * '' Conasprella cercadensis'' (Maury, 1917) * '' Conasprella chaac'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017) * ''

Conasprella chinchorroensis ''Conasprella chinchorroensis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not nec ...

'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017) * '' Conasprella coletteae'' (Petuch, 2013) * ''

Conasprella comatosa ''Conasprella comatosa'', common name comatose cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conasprella'', these snails are predatory an ...

'' (Pilsbry, 1904) * ''

Conasprella coriolisi ''Conasprella coriolisi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella coriolisi (Röckel, Richard & Moolenbeek, 1995). Accessed through: World Regist ...

'' (Moolenbeek & Richard, 1995) * ''

Conasprella coromandelica ''Conasprella coromandelicus'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella coromandelica (E. A. Smith, 1894). Accessed through: World Register of ...

'' (E. A. Smith, 1894) * ''

Conasprella crabosi ''Conasprella crabosi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily ...

'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018) * '' Conasprella culebrana'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016) * ''

Conasprella damasoi ''Conasprella damasoi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessaril ...

'' (Cossignani, 2007) * '' Conasprella damasomonteiroi'' (Petuch & Myers, 2014) * '' Conasprella delessertii'' (Récluz, 1843) * '' Conasprella dictator'' (Melvill, 1898) * ''

Conasprella dieteri ''Conasprella dieteri'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella dieteri (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008). Accessed through: World Regis ...

'' (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008) * '' Conasprella edpetuchi'' (Monnier, Limpalaër, Roux & Berschauer, 2015) * '' Conasprella elegans'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1895) * '' Conasprella elokismenos'' (Kilburn, 1975) * ''

Conasprella emarginata ''Conasprella emarginata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conasprella'', these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They ...

'' (Reeve, 1844) * '' Conasprella ericmonnieri'' (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014) * ''

Conasprella eucoronata ''Conasprella eucoronata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella eucoronata (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903). Accessed through: World Register of ...

'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903) * '' Conasprella eugrammata'' (Bartsch & Rehder, 1943) * '' Conasprella fenzani'' (Petuch & Sargent, 2011) * ''

Conasprella ferreirai ''Conasprella ferreirai'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessari ...

'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2017) * '' Conasprella fijiensis'' (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008) * '' Conasprella fluviamaris'' (Petuch & Sargent, 2011) * ''

Conasprella geeraertsi ''Conasprella geeraertsi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessar ...

'' (Poppe & Tagaro, 2017) * ''

Conasprella gordyi ''Conasprella gordyi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessaril ...

'' (Röckel & Bondarev, 2000) * '' Conasprella gregorioi'' (Crabos & G. S. P. Oliveira, 2021) * '' Conasprella grohi'' (Tenorio & Poppe, 2004) * '' Conasprella gubernatrix'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018) * '' Conasprella guidopoppei'' (G. Raybaudi Massilia, 2005) * '' Conasprella henckesi'' (Coltro, 2004) * ''

Conasprella henriquei ''Conasprella henriquei'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessar ...

'' (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014) * '' Conasprella herndli'' (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014) * '' Conasprella hivana'' (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008) * ''

Conasprella hopwoodi ''Conasprella hopwoodi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conasprella'', these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are c ...

'' (Tomlin, 1937) * ''

Conasprella howelli ''Conasprella howelli'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella howelli (Iredale, 1929). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species ...

'' (Iredale, 1929) * ''

Conasprella iansa ''Conasprella iansa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conasprella'', these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable o ...

'' (Petuch, 1979) * ''

Conasprella icapui ''Conasprella icapui'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.MolluscaBase (2018). Conasprella icapui (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018). Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018) * '' Conasprella ichinoseana'' (Kuroda, 1956) * ''

Conasprella imitator ''Conasprella imitator'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). Conasprella imitator (A. P. Brown & Pilsbry, 1911) †. Accessed through: ...

'' (A. P. Brown & Pilsbry, 1911) * ''

Conasprella insculpta ''Conasprella insculpta'', common name the engraved cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conasprella'', these cone snails are ...

'' (Kiener, 1847) * '' Conasprella ione'' (Fulton, 1938) * ''

Conasprella itapua ''Conasprella itapua'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, ...

'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018) * '' Conasprella ixchel'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017) * ''

Conasprella janapatriceae ''Conasprella janapatriceae'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.MolluscaBase (2018). Conasprella janapatriceae (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016). Accessed throu ...

'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016) * ''

Conasprella janowskyae ''Conasprella janowskyae'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella janowskyae (Tucker & Tenorio, 2011). Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

'' (J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2011) * '' Conasprella jaspidea'' (Gmelin, 1791) * '' Conasprella joanae'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018) * ''

Conasprella joliveti ''Conasprella joliveti'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella joliveti (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008). Accessed through: World Regi ...

'' (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008) * '' Conasprella josei'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2016) * '' Conasprella kantangana'' (da Motta, 1982) * '' Conasprella kellyae'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017) * '' Conasprella keppensi'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018) * ''

Conasprella kimioi ''Conasprella kimioi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conasprella'', these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable ...

'' (Habe, 1965) * ''

Conasprella kitteredgei ''Conasprella kitteredgei'' is a species of fossil sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella kitteredgei (Maury, 1917) †. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Acc ...

'' (Maury, 1917) * '' Conasprella kohni'' (McLean & Nybakken, 1979) * '' Conasprella laudelinoi'' (Crabos & G. S. P. Oliveira, 2021) * '' Conasprella lemuriana'' Monnier, Tenorio, Bouchet & Puillandre, 2018 * '' Conasprella lenhilli'' (Cargile, 1998) * ''

Conasprella lentiginosa ''Conasprella lentiginosa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella lentiginosa (Reeve, 1844). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

'' (Reeve, 1844) * '' Conasprella levenensis'' (Monnier & Tenorio, 2017) * '' Conasprella lindapowersae'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2017) * ''

Conasprella lizarum ''Conasprella lizarum'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conasprella'', these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are ca ...

'' (Raybaudi Massilia & da Motta, 1992) * ''

Conasprella longurionis ''Conasprella longurionis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conasprella'', these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They ...

'' (Kiener, 1847) * ''

Conasprella lorenzi ''Conasprella lorenzi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella lorenzi Monnier & Limpalaër, 2012. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...

'' Monnier & Limpalaër, 2012 * '' Conasprella lucida'' (W. Wood, 1828) * '' Conasprella lusca'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017) * '' Conasprella mahogani'' (Reeve, 1843) * '' Conasprella marcusi'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016) * '' Conasprella marinae'' (Petuch & Myers, 2014) * ''

Conasprella masinoi ''Conasprella masinoi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). Conasprella masinoi (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016). Accessed through: World Regis ...

'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016) * ''

Conasprella mazei ''Conasprella mazei'', common name Maze's cone, is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae Conidae, with the current common name of "cone snails", is a taxonomic family (previously subfamily) of pr ...

'' (Deshayes, 1874) * '' Conasprella mcgintyi'' (Pilsbry, 1955) * '' Conasprella memiae'' (Habe & Kosuge, 1970) * '' Conasprella mindana'' (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) * '' Conasprella minutissima'' Harzhauser & Landau, 2016 * '' Conasprella nereis'' (Petuch, 1979) * '' Conasprella ogum'' (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014) * '' Conasprella olangoensis'' (Poppe & Tagaro, 2017) * '' Conasprella orbignyi'' (Audouin, 1831) * '' Conasprella otohimeae'' (Kuroda & Itô, 1961) * '' Conasprella pacei'' (Petuch, 1987) * ''

Conasprella pagoda ''Conasprella pagoda'', common name the pagoda cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella pagoda (Kiener, 1847). Accessed through: World Re ...

'' (Kiener, 1847) * ''

Conasprella paumotu ''Conasprella paumotu'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessari ...

'' (Rabiller & Richard, 2014) * ''

Conasprella pepeiu ''Conasprella pepeiu'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessaril ...

'' (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008) * ''

Conasprella perplexa ''Conasprella perplexa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella perplexa (G. B. Sowerby II, 1857). In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: ...

'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1857) * '' Conasprella pfluegeri'' (Petuch, 2003) * '' Conasprella philippequiquandoni'' (Cossignani, 2019) * ''

Conasprella pomponeti ''Conasprella pomponeti'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessari ...

'' (Petuch & Myers, 2014) * '' Conasprella poremskii'' (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014) * '' Conasprella prugnaudorum'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018) * ''

Conasprella pseudokimioi ''Conasprella pseudokimioi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not nece ...

'' (da Motta & Martin, 1982) * '' Conasprella pseudorbignyi'' (Röckel & Lan, 1981) * '' Conasprella puncticulata'' (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) * ''

Conasprella pusio ''Conus pusio'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conus'', these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stingi ...

'' (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) * '' Conasprella rachelae'' (Petuch, 1988) * ''

Conasprella rainesae ''Conasprella rainesae'', common name Maze's cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequ ...

'' (McGinty, 1953) * ''

Conasprella ramalhoi ''Conasprella ramalhoi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessar ...

'' (Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1986) * ''

Conasprella ramosorum ''Conasprella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2019) * ''

Conasprella raoulensis ''Conasprella raoulensis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella raoulensis (Powell, 1958). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...

'' (Powell, 1958) * '' Conasprella roatanensis'' (Petuch & Sargent, 2011) * ''

Conasprella roberti ''Conasprella roberti'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella roberti (Richard, 2009). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species a ...

'' (Richard, 2009) * '' Conasprella rutila'' (Menke, 1843) * '' Conasprella saecularis'' (Melvill, 1898) * ''

Conasprella sargenti ''Conasprella sargenti'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessari ...

'' (Petuch, 2013) * '' Conasprella sauros'' (Garcia, 2006) * ''

Conasprella scaripha ''Conasprella scaripha'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conasprella'', these cone snails are predatory ...

'' (Dall, 1910) * '' Conasprella schirrmeisteri'' (Coltro, 2004) * ''

Conasprella serafimi ''Conasprella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2019) * '' Conasprella sieboldii'' (Reeve, 1848) * ''

Conasprella simonei ''Conasprella simonei'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessaril ...

'' (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014) * '' Conasprella somalica'' (Bozzetti, 2013) * '' Conasprella spirofilis'' (Habe & Kosuge, 1970) * '' Conasprella stearnsii'' (Conrad, 1869) * '' Conasprella stenostoma'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1850) * ''

Conasprella stocki ''Conasprella stocki'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella stocki (Coomans & Moolenbeek, 1990). Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...

'' (Coomans & Moolenbeek, 1990) * '' Conasprella tammymyersae'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2019) * '' Conasprella subturrita'' (d'Orbigny, 1852) * ''

Conasprella tayrona ''Conasprella tayrona'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.MolluscaBase (2018). Conasprella tayrona (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017). Accessed through: World Re ...

'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017) * '' Conasprella tiki'' (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008) * ''

Conasprella tirardi ''Conasprella tirardi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). Conasprella tirardi (Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1996). Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

'' (Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1996) * '' Conasprella toincabrali'' (Petuch & Berschauer, 2019) * '' Conasprella torensis'' (Sturany, 1903) * '' Conasprella tornata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) * ''

Conasprella traceyi ''Conasprella traceyi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessaril ...

'' (J. K. Tucker & Stahlschmidt, 2010) * ''

Conasprella traversiana ''Conasprella traversiana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella traversiana (E. A. Smith, 1875). Accessed through: World Register of Mari ...

'' (E. A. Smith, 1875) * ''

Conasprella valianti ''Conasprella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

'' (Petuch, Coltro & Berschauer, 2020) * '' Conasprella vanhyningi'' (Rehder, 1944) * '' Conasprella vantwoudti'' (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2015) * ''

Conasprella viminea ''Conasprella viminea'', common name the wickerwork cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella viminea (Reeve, 1849). Accessed through: Worl ...

'' (Reeve, 1849) * '' Conasprella wakayamaensis'' (Kuroda, 1956) * ''

Conasprella wendrosi ''Conasprella wendrosi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.MolluscaBase. Conasprella wendrosi (Tenorio & Afonso, 2013). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

'' (Tenorio & Afonso, 2013) * '' Conasprella ximenes'' (Gray, 1839)
The following species were brought into synonymy: * ''Conasprella albobrunnea'' Bozzetti, 2017: synonym of ''

'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903) * ''Conasprella biraghii'' (G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1992): synonym of ''

Lilliconus biraghii ''Lilliconus biraghii'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). ''Lilliconus biraghii'' (G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1992). Accessed through: World Register of ...

'' (G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1992) * ''Conasprella cancellata'' Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: synonym of

Conus cancellatus ''Conus cancellatus'', common name the cancellate cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conus'', these snails are predatory an ...

Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 * ''Conasprella guyanensis'' (Van Mol, 1973): synonym of '' Conasprella bajanensis'' (Nowell-Usticke, 1968) * ''Conasprella hivanus'' (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008): synonym of '' Conasprella hivana'' (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008) (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet) * ''Conasprella hypochlorus'' (Tomlin, 1937): synonym of ''

'' (Kiener, 1847) * ''Conasprella sagei'' (Korn & G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1993): synonym of ''

Lilliconus sagei ''Lilliconus sagei'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). ''Lilliconus sagei'' (Korn & G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1993). Accessed through: World Register of ...

'' (Korn & G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1993)

List of synonyms of the genus ''Conasprella''

* ''Bathyconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''Boucheticonus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 * ''Coltroconus'' Petuch, 2013 * ''Conasprella (Boucheticonus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conasprella (Coltroconus)'' Petuch, 2013 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conasprella (Conasprella)'' Thiele, 1929 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conasprella (Dalliconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conasprella (Kohniconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conasprella (Lilliconus)'' G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conasprella (Parviconus)'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conasprella (Pseudoconorbis)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Conus (Conasprella)'' Thiele, 1929 * ''Dalliconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''Duodenticonus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 * ''Endemoconus'' Iredale, 1931 * ''Fumiconus'' da Motta, 1991 * ''Fusiconus'' da Motta, 1991 * ''Globiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''Jaspidiconus'' Petuch, 2003 * ''Kermasprella'' Powell, 1958 * ''Kohniconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''Lilliconus'' G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 * ''Mamiconus'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932 * ''Parviconus'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932 * ''Perplexiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''Pseudoconorbis'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''Viminiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''Ximeniconus'' Emerson & Old, 1962 * ''Yeddoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009

Significance of "alternative representation"

Prior to 2009, all

cone A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex. A cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines co ...

species were placed within the family

and were placed in one genus, ''

Conus ''Conus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species ...

''. In 2009 however, J.K. Tucker and M.J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

that were in the family. Their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of

, including the family

. This classification was based upon

shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses ** Thin-shell structure Science Biology * Seashell, a hard o ...

r differences,

anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its ...

physiology Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemic ...

cladistics Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived ch ...

, with comparisons to molecular (DNA) studies. Published accounts of genera within the

(or

) that include the genus ''Conasprella'' include J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011). Testing in order to try to understand the

molecular phylogeny Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

of the

was initially begun by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn, and is continuing, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to mDNA testing. However, in 2011, some experts preferred to use the traditional classification, where all species are placed in ''

'' within the single family

: for example, according to the November 2011 version of the

, all species within the family Conidae are in the genus ''

''. The binomial names of species in the 82 cone snail genera listed in Tucker & Tenorio 2009 are recognized by the

as "alternative representations." Debate within the scientific community regarding this issue continues, and additional

studies are being carried out in an attempt to clarify the issue.Petuch & Drolshage (2011) ''Compendium of Florida Fossil Shells, Volume 1'' MDM Publications, Wellington, FL., 432 pp. All this has been superseded in 2015 by the new classification of the Conidae

References

* Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2013) ''Illustrated catalog of the living cone shells.'' 517 pp. Wellington, Florida: MdM Publishing.

External links

To World Register of Marine Species

Gastropods.com: ''Conidae'' setting forth the genera recognized therein.

Gastropods.com: ''Conilithidae'' setting forth the genera recognized therein.
{{Taxonbar, from=Q5158230 Conidae