The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA, ), also known as the Naivasha Agreement, was an accord signed on 9 January 2005, by the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and the

Government of Sudan The Government of Sudan is the Federalism, federal provisional government created by the Constitution of Sudan having executive, parliamentary, and the judicial branches. Previously, a President of Sudan, ''president'' was head of state, head of ...

. The CPA was meant to end the

Second Sudanese Civil War The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement, Sudan People's Liberation Army. It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil Wa ...

, develop democratic governance countrywide, and share oil revenues. It also set a timetable for a Southern Sudanese

independence referendum An independence referendum is a type of referendum in which the residents of a territory decide whether the territory should become an Independence, independent sovereign state. An independence referendum that results in a vote for independenc ...

. The peace process was encouraged by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), in addition to a "troika" of donor countries comprising the

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, and

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Components

A Step Toward Peace The Sudan Comprehensive Peace Accord

The process resulted in the following agreements (also referred to as protocols): * The Machakos Protocol (or Chapter I), signed in Machakos,

Kenya Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. ...

on 20 July 2002. Agreement on broad principles of government and governance. * The Protocol on Power Sharing (or Chapter II), signed in Naivasha,

on 26 May 2004 * The Agreement on Wealth Sharing (or Chapter III), signed in Naivasha,

on 7 January 2004 * The Protocol on the Resolution of the Conflict in Abyei Area (or Chapter IV), signed in Naivasha,

on 26 May 2004 * The Protocol on the Resolution of the Conflict in Southern Kordofan and

Blue Nile The Blue Nile is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. It travels for approximately through Ethiopia and Sudan. Along with the White Nile, it is one of the two major Tributary, tributaries of the Nile and supplies about 85.6% of the wa ...

States (or Chapter V), signed in Naivasha,

on 26 May 2004 * The Agreement on Security Arrangements (or Chapter VI), signed in Naivasha,

on 25 September 2003 * The Permanent Ceasefire and Security Arrangements Implementation Modalities and Appendices (or Annexure I), signed in Naivasha,

on 30 October 2004 * The Implementation Modalities and Global Implementation Matrix and Appendices (or Annexure II), signed in Naivasha, Kenya, on 31 December 2004 The final, comprehensive agreement was signed on 9 January 2005 and marked the commencement of implementation activities.

Implementation

2007 Southern withdrawal

On 11 October 2007, the SPLM withdrew from the government of national unity (GoNU), accusing the central government of violating the terms of the CPA. In particular, the SPLM states that the Khartoum-based government, which is dominated by the National Congress Party, has failed to withdraw over 15,000 troops from southern oilfields and failed to implement the Protocol on Abyei. The SPLM stated that it was not returning to war, while analysts noted that the agreement had been disintegrating for some time, notably because of international focus on the conflict in nearby

Darfur Darfur ( ; ) is a region of western Sudan. ''Dār'' is an Arabic word meaning "home f – the region was named Dardaju () while ruled by the Daju, who migrated from Meroë , and it was renamed Dartunjur () when the Tunjur ruled the area. ...

. The SPLM announced that it was rejoining the government on 13 December 2007, following an agreement. The agreement states that the seat of government will rotate between

Juba Juba is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. The city is situated on the White Nile and also serves as the capital of the Central Equatoria, Central Equatoria State. It is the most recently declared national capital and had a populatio ...

and

Khartoum Khartoum or Khartum is the capital city of Sudan as well as Khartoum State. With an estimated population of 7.1 million people, Greater Khartoum is the largest urban area in Sudan. Khartoum is located at the confluence of the White Nile – flo ...

every three months, though it appears that this will be largely symbolic, as well as funding for a census (vital for the referendum) and a timetable for the withdrawal of troops across the border. Northern Sudanese troops finally left Southern Sudan on 8 January 2008.

South Sudan Independence

referendum A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate (rather than their Representative democracy, representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either bin ...

was held from 9 to 15 January 2011 to determine if South Sudan should declare its independence from Sudan, with 98.83% of the population voting for independence. It became independent as the Republic of South Sudan on 9 July 2011.

Popular Consultations

Popular consultations for

and South Kordofan were suspended as part of the ongoing conflict in those regions between the northern wing of the SPLA and the Justice and Equality Movement against the central government.

References and notes

External links

Comprehensive Peace Agreement full text

''Updated Timeline of the Implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan''
Center for International Peace Operations (ZIF), April 2009

Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. Headquartered in New York City, the group investigates and reports on issues including War crime, war crimes, crim ...

, November 2004
"Sudan after the Naivasha Peace Agreement: No Champagne Yet"
by Denis M. Tull, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 3 February 2005
''The Khartoum-SPLM Agreement: Sudan's Uncertain Peace''
International Crisis Group, 25 July 2005
''Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement: The Long Road Ahead''
International Crisis Group, 31 March 2006
''Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement: Beyond the Crisis''
International Crisis Group, 13 March 2008 {{South Sudan topics Second Sudanese Civil War Treaties concluded in 2005 Peace treaties of Sudan 2005 in South Sudan 2005 in Sudan Treaties of South Sudan South Sudan–Sudan relations Sudanese peace process