This comparison of programming languages (strings) compares the features of

string String or strings may refer to: *String (structure), a long flexible structure made from threads twisted together, which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Strings'' (1991 film), a Canadian anim ...

data structure In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that is usually chosen for Efficiency, efficient Data access, access to data. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the rel ...

s or text-string processing for over 52 various computer

programming language A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs. Most programming languages are text-based formal languages, but they may also be graphical. They are a kind of computer language. The description of a programming l ...

Concatenation

Different languages use different symbols for the concatenation operator. Many languages use the "+" symbol, though several deviate from this.

Common variants

Unique variants

Awk AWK (''awk'') is a domain-specific language designed for text processing and typically used as a data extraction and reporting tool. Like sed and grep, it is a filter, and is a standard feature of most Unix-like operating systems. The AWK l ...

uses the empty string: two expressions adjacent to each other are concatenated. This is called

juxtaposition Juxtaposition is an act or instance of placing two elements close together or side by side. This is often done in order to compare/contrast the two, to show similarities or differences, etc. Speech Juxtaposition in literary terms is the showin ...

Unix shell A Unix shell is a command-line interpreter or shell that provides a command line user interface for Unix-like operating systems. The shell is both an interactive command language and a scripting language, and is used by the operating system t ...

s have a similar syntax.

Rexx Rexx (Restructured Extended Executor) is a programming language that can be interpreted or compiled. It was developed at IBM by Mike Cowlishaw. It is a structured, high-level programming language designed for ease of learning and reading. ...

uses this syntax for concatenation including an intervening space. * C (along with Python) allows juxtaposition for string literals, however, for strings stored as

character Character or Characters may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''Character'' (novel), a 1936 Dutch novel by Ferdinand Bordewijk * ''Characters'' (Theophrastus), a classical Greek set of character sketches attributed to The ...

arrays An array is a systematic arrangement of similar objects, usually in rows and columns. Things called an array include: {{TOC right Music * In twelve-tone and serial composition, the presentation of simultaneous twelve-tone sets such that the ...

, the

strcat 




The  C programming language has a set of functions implementing operations on  strings (character strings and byte strings) in its  standard library. Various operations, such as copying, concatenation,  tokenization and searching are supported. ...

function must be used. *

COBOL COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily ...

uses the STRING statement to concatenate string variables. *

MATLAB MATLAB (an abbreviation of "MATrix LABoratory") is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementa ...

and

Octave In music, an octave ( la, octavus: eighth) or perfect octave (sometimes called the diapason) is the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been refer ...

use the syntax "

  y/code>" to concatenate x and y.
* Visual Basic Visual Basic is a name for a family of programming languages from Microsoft. It may refer to:

*  Visual Basic .NET (now simply referred to as "Visual Basic"), the current version of Visual Basic launched in 2002 which runs on .NET
* Visual Basic (c ...
 and Visual Basic .NET 




Visual Basic, originally called Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET), is a  multi-paradigm,  object-oriented programming language, implemented on  .NET,  Mono, and the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its  original Vi ...
 can also use the "+" sign but at the risk of ambiguity if a string representing a number and a number are together.
* Microsoft Excel 








Microsoft Excel is a  spreadsheet developed by  Microsoft for  Windows, macOS, Android and  iOS. It features  calculation or  computation capabilities, graphing tools,  pivot tables, and a macro programming language called  Visual Basic for ...
 allows both "&" and the function "=CONCATENATE(X,Y)".
* Rust 





Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of  hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), ...
 has the concat! macro and the format! macro, of which the latter is the most prevalent throughout the documentation and examples.

  String literals 

This section compares styles for declaring a string literal 
A string  literal or anonymous string is a string value in the source code of a computer program. Modern  programming languages commonly use a quoted sequence of characters, formally " bracketed delimiters", as in x = "foo", where "foo" is a string ...
.

  Quoted interpolated 

An expression is "interpolated" into a string when the compiler/interpreter evaluates it and inserts the result in its place.



  Escaped quotes 

"Escaped" quotes means that a 'flag' symbol is used to warn that the character after the flag is used in the string rather than ending the string.



  Dual quoting 

"Dual quoting" means that whenever a quote is used in a string, it is used twice, and one of them is discarded and the single quote is then used within the string.



  Quoted raw 

"Raw" means the compiler treats every character within the literal exactly as written, without processing any escapes or interpolations.



  Multiline string 

Many languages have a syntax specifically intended for strings with multiple lines. In some of these languages, this syntax is a here document 
In computing, a here document (here-document, here-text, heredoc, hereis, here-string or here-script) is a file literal or input stream literal: it is a section of a source code file that is treated as if it were a separate  file. The term is also  ...
 or "heredoc": A token representing the string is put in the middle of a line of code, but the code continues after the starting token and the string's content doesn't appear until the next line. In other languages, the string's content starts immediately after the starting token and the code continues after the string literal's terminator.



  Unique quoting variants 




  Notes 

:1.  String.raw`` still processes string interpolation.

  References 

:1. {{note, es6rawstr https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/raw

 *Strings
 Programming language comparison