Common tree frog

''Polypedates leucomystax'' is a species in the shrub frog family Rhacophoridae. It is known under numerous common names, including common tree frog, four-lined tree frog, golden tree frog or striped tree frog. Many past authors have united it with the common Indian tree frog in '' P. maculatus'' (or ''Rhacophorus maculatus'', as was common in older times), but today they are generally considered distinct species. In its native range, it is also called "white-lipped tree frog", but this name is otherwise applied to a species of true tree frogs (family Hylidae).

''Polypedates leucomystax'' is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. It is in fact a species complex containing various cryptic species within it.

Range

Previously, ''P. leucomystex'' was thought to distribute below the Red River of Vietnam and in western Yunnan, while '' P. megacephalus'' can be found above the Red River and in Northeast India. However, recent genetic studies revealed that the natural barriers between these species are the Isthmus of Kra and the Tenasserim Range, where ''P. leucomystax'' can be found below the isthmus and west of the range.

The ''Polypedates leucomystax'' complex began diverging during the Pliocene due to human activity.KURAISHI, N., MATSUI, M., HAMIDY, A., BELABUT, D. M., AHMAD, N., PANHA, S., SUDIN, A., YONG, H. S., JIANG, J.-P., OTA, H., THONG, H. T. and NISHIKAWA, K. (2013), Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of the Polypedates leucomystax complex (Amphibia). Zoologica Scripta, 42: 54–70. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00562.x The range of ''P. leucomystax'' has recently expanded in the Philippines and Indonesia due to the widespread conversion of forests into agricultural-use land. It is also frequently found in trans-island agricultural shipments. Lineages on the Indochina mainland are more diverse.Brown, R. M., C W. Linkem, C. D. Siler, J. Sukumaran J. A. Esselstyn, A. C. Diesmos, D. T. Iskandar, D. Bickford, B. J. Evans, J. A. McGuire, L. Grismer, J. Supriatna, and N. Andayani. 2010. Phylogeography and historical demography of Polypedates leucomystax in the islands of Indonesia and the Philippines: evidence for recent human-mediated range expansion? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57:598–619

In Indonesia, it has been found throughout the archipelago in Borneo, Mentawai, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Bali, Lombok, Natuna Islands, Anambas Islands, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, and Timor, and has also been introduced to Papua. In Japan, where it has been introduced, it is found on the islands of Okinawa, Tonaki, Kurima, Miyako, Ie, Iheya, Izena, Sesoko, and Yabuchi.

4 major haplotype clades of ''P. leucomystax'' have been recognized by Brown, et al. (2010), with the clades other than the southern Sunda region clade likely to be cryptic species.
*southern Sunda region: Java– Sumatra ("true" ''P. leucomystax''; type locality: Java)
*northern Sunda region: Peninsular Malaysia, northern Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah), and southern Philippines (most basal clade)
* Sulawesi (with the name ''P. celebensis'' sp. nov. suggested; 4 different sub-clades have been differentiated for each of the 4 "prongs" or peninsulas of Sulawesi Island)
* northern Philippines (with the name ''P. quadrilineatus'' sp. nov. suggested; includes a basal variety from Lombok)

Divergent varieties that are either ''P. cf. leucomystax'' or '' P. cf. megacephalus'' have been found in southern China (including Hainan) and Vietnam.

Habitat

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, rocky shores, coastal freshwater lagoons, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, aquaculture ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and introduced vegetation.

Description

''Polypedates leucomystax'' can reach approximately a snout–vent length of in males, of in females. Body of these rather small shrub frogs is moderately slender, ovoid, slightly flattened above, with sharply pointed tail. The skin on the upper side is smooth. The body colour is rather variable, with various shades of gray, green, yellow, reddish or dark brown. Usually it is irregularly mottled, often with four stripes along the back. The tip of snout sometimes shows a distinct white spot. Eyes are at the side of the head. The hind feet are webbed. The feet have clear, large cushions as usual with leaf frogs.

Biology

In the damp areas of the propagation, these frogs are present all year round. In drier environments, the period usually restricts to the beginning of the rainy season. The mating takes place at the margins of shallow pools, where the males first arrive and call the females with a distinctive loud, duck-like sound. The female places between 100 and 400 eggs in a protective foam nest that is attached to vegetation or other objects above the water surface. Mean egg diameter is 1.99mm (range of 1.9-2.1mm). The eggs hatch after 3 to 4 days. The tadpoles develop inside the foam nest and then fall into the water. They develop into adult frogs in about 7 weeks.

In captivity

This species of tree frog is commonly kept in captivity in vivariums and terrariums by both hobbyists and professionals.

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2277171

Polypedates
Frogs of Asia
Amphibians of Bangladesh
Amphibians of Malaysia
Amphibians of Myanmar
Amphibians of Nepal
Amphibians of Thailand
Amphibians of the Philippines
Amphibians of Vietnam
Amphibians described in 1829
Taxa named by Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst
Least concern biota of Asia
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot