Common Grackle

The common grackle (''Quiscalus quiscula'') is a species of large icterid bird found in large numbers through much of North America. First described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, the common grackle has three subspecies. Adult common grackles have a long and dark bill, pale yellow eyes, and a long tail. Adults often have a bluish iridescent appearance on their head, especially males. Common grackles can be found widely across North America east of the Rocky Mountains.

Taxonomy

The common grackle was first described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of ''Systema Naturae'', as ''Gracula quiscula''. It was assigned to the genus ''Quiscalus'' by French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in his 1816 ''Dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle''.

Three subspecies are recognized:

*the Florida grackle (''Q. q. quiscula'') (Linnaeus 1758), the nominate subspecies
*the purple grackle (''Q. q. stonei'') (Chapman, 1935)
*the bronzed grackle (''Q. q. versicolor'') (Vieillot, 1816)

Description

Adult common grackles measure from in length, span across the wings, and weigh . Common grackles are less sexually dimorphic than larger grackle species, but the differences between the sexes can still be noticeable. The male, which averages , is larger than the female, at an average of . Adults have a long, dark bill, pale yellowish eyes, and a long tail; their feathers appear black with purple, green, or blue iridescence on the head, and primarily bronze sheen in the body plumage. Adult females, beyond being smaller, are usually less iridescent; their tails in particular are shorter, and unlike the males, do not keel (display a longitudinal ridge) in flight and are brown with no purple or blue gloss. Juveniles are brown with dark brown eyes.

When grackles are in a group, they are referred to as a "plague".

Distribution and habitat

The breeding habitat is open and semiopen areas across North America east of the Rocky Mountains. The nest is a well-concealed cup in dense trees (particularly pine) or shrubs, usually near water; sometimes, the common grackle nests in cavities or in man-made structures. It often nests in colonies, some being quite large. Bird houses are also a suitable nesting site. Four to seven eggs are in a clutch.

This bird is a permanent resident in much of its range. Northern birds migrate in flocks to the Southeastern United States. The distribution of the common grackle is largely explained by annual mean temperature, and the species has expanded its range by greater than three-fold since the last glacial maximum, approximately 22,000 years ago.

Ecology and behavior

Foraging and diet

The common grackle forages on the ground, in shallow water, or in shrubs; it may steal food from other birds. It is omnivorous, eating insects, minnows, frogs, eggs, berries, seeds, grain, and even small birds and rodents. Grackles at outdoor eating areas often wait eagerly until someone drops some food. They rush forward and try to grab it, often snatching food out of the beak of another bird. Grackles prefer to eat from the ground at bird feeders, making scattered seed an excellent choice of food for them. Grackles can be regularly seen foraging for insects, especially after a lawn trimming.

Grackles have a unique adaptation in the keel within their bill which allows them to crack and cut hard nuts or kernels. The keel projects downward from the horny palate and is sharper and more abrupt anterior. It extends below the level of the tomium and is used in a sawing motion to score open acorns or dried kernels. Larger adductor muscles within their jaw compared to those of other icterids make this adaptation even more useful for opening hard seeds and acorns.

Along with some other species of grackles, the common grackle is known to practice "anting", rubbing insects on its feathers possibly to apply liquids such as formic acid secreted by the insects.

Vocals

The grackle's song is particularly harsh, especially when these birds, in a flock, are calling. Songs vary from year-round ''chewink chewink'' to a more complex breeding season ''ooo whew, whew, whew, whew, whew'' call that gets faster and faster and ends with a loud ''crewhewwhew!'' It also occasionally sounds like a power line buzzing. The grackle can also mimic the sounds of other birds or even humans, though not as precisely as the mockingbird, which is known to share its habitat in the Southeastern United States.

Breeding

In the breeding season, males tip their heads back and fluff up feathers to display and keep other males away. This same behavior is used as a defensive posture to attempt to intimidate predators. Male common grackles are less aggressive toward one another, and more cooperative and social, than the larger boat-tailed grackle species.

Relationship with humans

The range of this bird expanded west as forests were cleared. In some areas, it is now considered a pest by farmers because of its large numbers and fondness for grain. Despite a currently robust population, a recent study by the National Audubon Society of data from the Christmas Bird Count indicated that populations had declined by 61% to a population of 73 million from historic highs of over 190 million birds. As a result, it is now classified by the IUCN as Near Threatened.

Unlike many birds, the common grackle benefits from the expansion of human populations due to its resourceful and opportunistic nature. Common grackles are considered to be a serious threat to crops by some, and are notoriously difficult to control; this usually requires the use of hawks or similar large birds of prey.

Proposed magnetoreceptivity

Though the exact mechanism is poorly understood, several studies have examined the ability of the common grackle to interpret the Earth's magnetic field—or in this case, the variability of it. The common grackle (like most of its ''Quiscalus'' relatives) has been found to be attuned to a dynamic magnetic field to a scientifically significant degree.

Gallery

File:Juvenile and adult Common Grackle.jpg, Juvenile and adult together
Image:Common Grackle - markings.jpg, Iridescent back and head
Image:Common_Grackle - Iridescence.jpg, Iridescence in direct sunlight
Image:Common_Grackle_Leucistic.jpg, Partially leucistic/piebald
File:Baby grackle - Quiscalus quiscula.jpg, Chick
File:An albino grackle photographed in Peterborough Ontario 2012.jpg, An albino grackle in Peterborough, Ontario
File:Grackle IMG 3972.jpg, Male feeding in grass
File:Common_Grackle_(Quiscalus_quiscula).jpg, In Ontario, Canada
File:Common grackle on a wood piling, connecticut river - Flickr - TonySprezzatura.jpg, Common grackle on a wood piling, Connecticut River

References

External links

*

Common grackle
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology

Audubon's Common Birds in Decline Report

Florida bird sounds including the common grackle
- Florida Museum of Natural History
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Extant Pleistocene first appearances