CommonJS is a project to standardize the module ecosystem for

JavaScript JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language and core technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. Ninety-nine percent of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpage behavior. Web browsers have ...

outside of

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(e.g. on web servers or native desktop applications). CommonJS's specification of how modules should work is widely used today for server-side JavaScript with Node.js. It is also used for browser-side JavaScript, but that code must be packaged with a transpiler since browsers don't support CommonJS. The other major module specification in use is the

ECMAScript ECMAScript (; ES) is a standard for scripting languages, including JavaScript, JScript, and ActionScript. It is best known as a JavaScript standard intended to ensure the interoperability of web pages across different web browsers. It is stan ...

(ES) modules specification (ES6 modules aka ES2015 modules). CommonJS can be recognized by the use of the require() function and module.exports, while ES modules use import and export statements for similar (though not identical) functionality.

History

The project was started by

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engineer Kevin Dangoor in January, 2009 and initially named ServerJS. In August 2009, the project was renamed ''CommonJS'' to show the broader applicability of the

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s. Specifications are created and approved in an open process. A specification is only considered ''final'' after it has been finished by multiple implementations. CommonJS is not affiliated with the

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group TC39 working on

, but some members of TC39 participate in the project.

Specifications

The list of specifications includes:

Current

Proposals

The proposals cover much more than modules. They intend to define a set of APIs that are useful both for non-web JavaScript implementations, with standardized package names to provide interoperability within the ecosystem. This goal sometimes overlaps with that of TC39, and parts such as Promises have indeed made it into ECMAScript itself. The part after the slash is the version. When a proposal is in contention, each individual proposal (including sequential revisions from the same author) is assigned a new letter. When the main direction is known it starts being assigned numeric versions.

Implementations

References

External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Commonjs JavaScript