''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s in the

frankincense Frankincense, also known as olibanum (), is an Aroma compound, aromatic resin used in incense and perfumes, obtained from trees of the genus ''Boswellia'' in the family (biology), family Burseraceae. The word is from Old French ('high-quality in ...

and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of

shrub A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple ...

s and

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, e.g., including only woody plants with secondary growth, only ...

s, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of

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, the western Indian Ocean islands, the

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India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

, and

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.Weeks, A. and Simpson, B.B. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of ''Commiphora'' (Burseraceae) yields insight on the evolution and historical biogeography of an “impossible” genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42:62–79. The genus is drought-tolerant and common throughout the xerophytic scrub, seasonally dry tropical forests, and woodlands of these regions. The common name myrrh refers to several species of the genus, from which aromatic resins are derived for various fragrance and medicinal uses by humans. A previously unknown species belonging to this genus has been grown from a single ancient seed and tentatively identified as the biblical plant mentioned in the

Bible The Bible is a collection of religious texts that are central to Christianity and Judaism, and esteemed in other Abrahamic religions such as Islam. The Bible is an anthology (a compilation of texts of a variety of forms) originally writt ...

as the source of a medicinal extract called ''tsori''.

Description

Leaves in ''Commiphora'' are pinnately compound (or very rarely unifoliolate). Many species are armed with spines. Bark is often exfoliating, peeling in thin sheets to reveal colorful, sometimes

photosynthetic Photosynthesis ( ) is a Biological system, system of biological processes by which Photoautotrophism, photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical ener ...

, bark below. Stems are frequently

succulent In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word ''succulent'' comes from the Latin word ''sucus'', meani ...

, especially in species native to drier environments. Flowers are typically dioecious ( subdioecious) and

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...

s are

drupe In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the ''pip'' (UK), ''pit'' (US), ''stone'', or ''pyrena'') of hardened endocarp with a seed ...

s, usually with a 2-locular

ovary The ovary () is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/ oviduct into the uterus. There is an ovary on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries are end ...

(one is abortive). In response to wounding, the stems of many species will exude aromatic

resin A resin is a solid or highly viscous liquid that can be converted into a polymer. Resins may be biological or synthetic in origin, but are typically harvested from plants. Resins are mixtures of organic compounds, predominantly terpenes. Commo ...

Ecology and biogeography

''Commiphora'' can serve as a model genus for understanding plant evolution in the drier regions of the Old World tropics, particularly in eastern continental Africa and

Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...

, where diversity in the genus is concentrated. The closely related sister genus to ''Commiphora'', '' Bursera'', has been used as a model genus to study patterns of evolution in the

New World The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas, and sometimes Oceania."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: ...

seasonally dry tropical forests.

Use by humans

Products from many species of ''Commiphora'' have been used for various purposes, sometimes as timber, building material, and natural fencing, but more often valued for the aromatic

s produced by several members of the genus. " Myrrh", the common name for these dried resins, is fragrant and has been used both as fragrance and for medicinal purposes (e.g., Balsam of Mecca, ''C. gileadensis''). Use of myrrh resin is frequent and pronounced throughout historical texts of cultural significance, including the

Ancient seed

An ancient seed recovered from an archaeological site in the Judean Desert has been confirmed to be a member of ''Commiphora''. The 1,000-year-old seed has produced a tree growing at Louis Borick Natural Medicine Research Center.

Systematics and taxonomy

Studies using DNA sequence data have confirmed the

monophyly In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent comm ...

of ''Commiphora''; however, this data suggests that previous classification of the genus into sections does not reflect monophyletic interspecific relationships.

Species

181 species are accepted: *'' Commiphora acuminata'' *'' Commiphora africana'' (A.Rich.) Engl. (syn. ''Heudelotia africana''), sometimes identified with ancient bdellium. Used indirectly by the San bushmen to poison their arrow tips for hunting *'' Commiphora alata'' *'' Commiphora alaticaulis'' J.B.Gillett & Vollesen *'' Commiphora anacardiifolia'' *'' Commiphora andranovoryensis'' *'' Commiphora angolensis'' Engl., also known as "sand commiphora", growing mainly in

Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of c ...

and

Namibia Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. Its borders include the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south; in the no ...

*'' Commiphora angustifoliolata'' *''

Commiphora ankaranensis ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora antunesii'' *'' Commiphora aprevalii'' Guillaumin, endemic to

*'' Commiphora arafy'' *''

Commiphora arenaria ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora baluensis'' *'' Commiphora benguelensis'' *''

Commiphora berardellii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora berryi'' *'' Commiphora boranensis'' Vollesen *''

Commiphora brevicalyx ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora buruxa'' *'' Commiphora caerulea'' *''

Commiphora campestris ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora capensis'' *''

Commiphora capuronii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of ...

'' *'' Commiphora caudata'' (Wight & Arn.) Engl. *''

Commiphora cervifolia ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora chaetocarpa'' *'' Commiphora chevalieri'' *'' Commiphora chiovendana'' *'' Commiphora ciliata'' Vollesen *'' Commiphora coleopsis'' *'' Commiphora confusa'' Vollesen *'' Commiphora corrugata'' J.B.Gillett & Vollesen *''

Commiphora crenatoserrata ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora cuneifolia'' *'' Commiphora cyclophylla'' *'' Commiphora dalzielii'' *''

Commiphora dinteri ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora discolor'' *''

Commiphora drake-brockmanii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora dulcis'' *'' Commiphora edulis'' *'' Commiphora elliptica'' *'' Commiphora eminii'' *'' Commiphora engleri'' *'' Commiphora enneaphylla'' *'' Commiphora erlangeriana'' *'' Commiphora erosa'' Vollesen *''

Commiphora falcata ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora foliacea'' *''

Commiphora franciscana ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of ...

'' *'' Commiphora fraxinifolia'' *'' Commiphora fraxinoides'' *'' Commiphora fulvotomentosa'' *'' Commiphora gardoensis'' *'' Commiphora gariepensis'' *'' Commiphora giessii'' *'' Commiphora gileadensis'' (L.) C.Chr. (syn. ''Commiphora opobalsamum''), producing balsam of Mecca. *'' Commiphora glandulosa'' Schinz *'' Commiphora glaucescens'' *''

Commiphora gorinii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *''

Commiphora gracilifrondosa ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora grandifolia'' *'' Commiphora grosswelleri'' *''

Commiphora guerichiania ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora guidottii'' Chiov. ex Guid. (syn. ''Commiphora sessiliflora''), producing ''habak hadi'', known as bisabol, opoponax, scented or sweet myrrh. *'' Commiphora guillauminii'' *'' Commiphora gurreh'' *'' Commiphora hartmannii'' *'' Commiphora harveyi'' (Engl.) Engl. *'' Commiphora hereroensis'' *'' Commiphora hildebrandtii'' *''

Commiphora hodai ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *''

Commiphora hornbyi ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora horrida'' *'' Commiphora humbertii'' H.Perrier *''

Commiphora kaokoensis ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *''

Commiphora karibensis ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of ...

'' *'' Commiphora kataf'' (Forssk.) Engl.(syn. ''Commiphora holtziana'' Engl, ''Commiphora erythraea'' (Ehrenb.) Engl.), producing ''habak hagar'', known as sweet myrrh, sometimes sold as opoponax. *'' Commiphora kerstingii'' *''

Commiphora kraeuseliana ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora kua'' ( R.Br. ex Royle) Vollesen (syn. ''Commiphora habessinica'' (O.Berg) Engl.) *''

Commiphora kucharii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of ...

'' *'' Commiphora kuneneana'' *''

Commiphora lacerata ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *''

Commiphora lamii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora lasiodisca'' *''

Commiphora laxecymigera ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora leandriana'' *'' Commiphora leptophloeos'' (Mart.) J.B.Gillett, the only species of ''Commiphora'' present in the Americas. *'' Commiphora lobatospathulata'' *''

Commiphora longibracteata ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of ...

'' *'' Commiphora madagascariensis'' Jacq. *'' Commiphora mafaidoha'' *'' Commiphora mahafaliensis'' *''

Commiphora marchandii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *''

Commiphora marlothii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of ...

'' *'' Commiphora merkeri'' *'' Commiphora merkii'' *''

Commiphora mildbraedii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora mollis'' *''

Commiphora mombassensis ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora monoica'' Vollesen *'' Commiphora monstruosa'' *''

Commiphora morondavensis ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora mossambicensis'' (Oliv.) Engl. *'' Commiphora mossamedensis'' *'' Commiphora mulelame'' *'' Commiphora multifoliolata'' *'' Commiphora multijuga'' *'' Commiphora murraywatsonii'' *'' Commiphora myrrha'' (Nees) Engl. (syn. ''Commiphora molmol''), producing myrrh. *'' Commiphora namaensis'' *''

Commiphora namibensis ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora neglecta'' *'' Commiphora oblanceolata'' *'' Commiphora oblongifolia'' *'' Commiphora obovata'' *'' Commiphora oddurensis'' *'' Commiphora omundomba'' *''

Commiphora orbicularis ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora ornifolia'' *''

Commiphora otjihipana ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora ovalifolia'' *''

Commiphora paolii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the Boswellia, frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical r ...

'' *'' Commiphora parvifolia'' *'' Commiphora pedunculata'' *'' Commiphora pervilleana'' *'' Commiphora planifrons'' *''

Commiphora playfairii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora pruinosa'' *'' Commiphora pseudopaolii'' *''

Commiphora pteleifolia ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora pterocarpa'' *''

Commiphora pyracanthoides ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora quadricincta'' *'' Commiphora quercifoliola'' *'' Commiphora rangeana'' *'' Commiphora razakamalalae'' *'' Commiphora rostrata'' *'' Commiphora ruquietiana'' *'' Commiphora ruspolii'' *'' Commiphora samharensis'' *'' Commiphora sarandensis'' *'' Commiphora saxicola'' Engl., Rock corkwood, a shrub endemic to Namibia *'' Commiphora schimperi'' (O.Bergman) Engl. *'' Commiphora schlechteri'' *'' Commiphora schultzei'' *'' Commiphora sennii'' *'' Commiphora serrata'' *''

Commiphora serrulata ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *''

Commiphora setulifera ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of ...

'' *'' Commiphora simplicifolia'' H.Perrier *''

Commiphora sinuata ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of ...

'' *'' Commiphora socotrana'' (Balf.f.) Engl. *'' Commiphora spathulata'' *'' Commiphora spathulifoliolata'' *'' Commiphora sphaerocarpa'' Chiov *''

Commiphora spinulosa ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora staphyleifolia'' *'' Commiphora stellatopubescens'' *'' Commiphora stellulata'' *'' Commiphora steynii'' *'' Commiphora stocksiana'' (Engl.) Engl., known in Pakistan as ''bayisa gugal'' *''

Commiphora sulcata ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora swynnertonii'' *'' Commiphora tenuipetiolata'' *'' Commiphora tetramera'' *''

Commiphora truncata ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the Boswellia, frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical r ...

'' *'' Commiphora tsimanampetsae'' *'' Commiphora ugogensis'' *'' Commiphora ulugurensis'' *'' Commiphora unilobata'' J.B.Gillett & Vollesen *'' Commiphora viminea'' *'' Commiphora virgata'' *'' Commiphora wightii'' (Arn.) Bhandari (syn. ''Commiphora mukul''), producing gum guggul, sometimes identified with ancient bdellium. *''

Commiphora wildii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *''

Commiphora woodii ''Commiphora'' is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions o ...

'' *'' Commiphora zanzibarica''

Gallery

Commiphora simplicifolia 02.jpg, Commiphora simplicifolia 01.jpg, Commiphora marlothii, habitus, Skrikfontein, a.jpg, Commiphora mollis, habitus, Skrikfontein, c.jpg,

References

External links

Flora of Pakistan: ''Commiphora''
{{Authority control Burseraceae genera Dioecious plants Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin