''Allobates sumtuosus'' is a species of

frog A frog is any member of a diverse and largely semiaquatic group of short-bodied, tailless amphibian vertebrates composing the order (biology), order Anura (coming from the Ancient Greek , literally 'without tail'). Frog species with rough ski ...

in the family

Aromobatidae The Aromobatidae are a family of frogs native to Central and South America. They are sometimes referred to as cryptic forest frogs or cryptic poison frogs. They are the sister taxon of the Dendrobatidae, the poison dart frogs, but are not as tox ...

. It is known to occur in northern Brazil (

Pará Pará () is a Federative units of Brazil, state of Brazil, located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins (state), Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas (Brazilian st ...

, Amazonas, and

Roraima Roraima ( ) is one of the 26 states of Brazil. Located in the country's North Region, it is the northernmost and most geographically and logistically isolated state in Brazil. It is bordered by the state of Pará to the southeast, Amazonas t ...

states),

Loreto Region Loreto () is Peru's northernmost department and region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest department, slightly smaller than Japan; it is also one of the most sparsely populated regions due to ...

in eastern Peru, central Guyana, and southern Suriname; it may occur more widely in the intervening areas and also extend into Colombia. It might represent a

species complex In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...

Description

Adult males measure in

snout–vent length Snout–vent length (SVL) is a morphometric measurement taken in herpetology from the tip of the snout to the most posterior opening of the cloacal slit (vent)."direct line distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of vent" It is the mos ...

. The tympanum is distinct and round. Discs of all fingers and toes are weakly expanded. The toes have some basal webbing. The body is robust. Dorsal coloration is solid tan brown to copper. Some individuals small, darker brown spots. The flanks are solid dark brown. Some individuals have a short, pale linear mark running laterally from inguinal region towards the mid section of the body. A white, iridescent ventrolateral stripe runs along the lower margin of the dark brown flanks, all way from tip of snout to the groin but often interrupted. Below the ventrolateral stripe, pale iridescent mottling is present over unpigmented background. The throat, gular, and pectoral regions, as well as the abdomen, are uniformly unpigmented, appearing light gray to translucent.

Vocal sac The vocal sac is the flexible Biological membrane, membrane of skin possessed by most male frogs and toads. The purpose of the vocal sac is usually as an amplification of their mating or advertisement call. The presence or development of the voca ...

in males is white to light gray, becoming translucent when inflated. The

iris Iris most often refers to: *Iris (anatomy), part of the eye * Iris (color), an ambiguous color term *Iris (mythology), a Greek goddess * ''Iris'' (plant), a genus of flowering plants * Iris (given name), a feminine given name, and a list of peopl ...

is golden copper with tiny black flecks. There are two types of male advertisement calls. The first consists of regular

trill TRILL (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) is a networking protocol for optimizing bandwidth and resilience in Ethernet networks, implemented by devices called TRILL switches. TRILL combines techniques from bridging and routing, and ...

s of 23–35 short notes, lasting for about 5 seconds, and separated from each other by about 23 seconds. The interval between notes is short (about 0.1 seconds) and regular. Average peak frequency is about 6325 Hz. The second consists of continuously emitted notes, separated by silent intervals of variable duration (about 0.3 seconds). Average peak frequency is about 6200 Hz.

Habitat and behavior

''Allobates sumtuosus'' are diurnal and terrestrial. The area of the type locality is a mosaic of seasonally flooded (

igapó (, from Tupi language, Old Tupi: "root forest") is a word used in Brazil for Blackwater river, blackwater-flooded forests in the Amazon biome. These forests and similar swamp forests are seasonally inundated with freshwater. They typically occur ...

) and unflooded (terra-firme) primary forests. In Guyana, ''Allobates sumtuosus'' were encountered both in primary and secondary forest representing a broad range of habitats, from well-drained mixed forest on white sand to mixed forest on gravely clay laterite. ''Allobates sumtuosus'' lay small clutches of eggs (5–11) in leaf litter. After hatching, the

tadpole A tadpole or polliwog (also spelled pollywog) is the Larva, larval stage in the biological life cycle of an amphibian. Most tadpoles are fully Aquatic animal, aquatic, though some species of amphibians have tadpoles that are terrestrial animal, ...

s are carried on the back of the male, or rarely, female, until they are deposited in small temporary pools or moist leaf litter where they continue their development. On two occasions, however, the tadpoles were deposited in foam nests of other frogs, ''

Physalaemus ''Physalaemus'' is a large genus of Leptodactylidae, leptodactylid frogs. These frogs, sometimes known as dwarf frogs or foam frogs, are found in South America. It is very similar to ''Leptodactylus'', a close relative, and indeed the recently ...

'' sp. and '' Leptodactylus rhodomystax''. This appears to be a means of securing the tadpoles moist enough environment during dry periods; there is no indication that the tadpoles gain other benefits, such as consuming host eggs.

Conservation

The IUCN classifies ''Allobates sumtuosus'' as least concern of extinction as of 2023. Logging may pose some threat in some parts of its range. The now-synonymized ''Allobates spumaponens'' was assessed as "data deficient" in 2008. The known distribution of ''Allobates sumtuosus'', as now understood, has since expanded and includes many protected areas:

Rio Trombetas Biological Reserve Rio Trombetas Biological Reserve () is a federally-administered biological reserve in the municipality of Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil. It covers a large area of Amazon biome including rainforest, wetlands and water. History The reserve, which cov ...

(the type locality of ''Allobates sumtuosus'') and several others in Brazil, at least two protected areas in Peru, Mabura Hill Forest Reserve in Guyana (the type locality of ''Allobates spumaponens''), and Sipaliwini Nature Reserve in Suriname. Its known range also overlaps with several other protected areas, even though it has not been formally reported within their boundaries: Estação Ecológica do Grão Pará, Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, Floresta do Parú, Reserva Biológica do Rio do Trombetas, Reserva Biológica de Maicurú, Floresta de Faro, and

Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke The Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve () is a protected area of the Amazon rainforest on the outskirts of the city of Manaus, Brazil. The reserve was established in 1963 in honour of the entomologist and botanist Adolfo Ducke (1876–1959), who was o ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2838484, from2=Q4680412 sumtuosus Frogs of Brazil Amphibians of Guyana Amphibians of Peru Amphibians of Suriname Amphibians described in 2002 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot