Codex Basilensis A. N. IV. 2, ''Minuscule 1'' (on the list of Gregory-Aland), δ 254 (in von Soden's numbering) and formerly designated by 1^eap to distinguish it from minuscule 1^rK (which previously used number 1) is a Greek

minuscule Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (or more formally ''majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (or more formally ''minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing ...

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced ...

of the

New Testament The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christ ...

, usually dated palaeographically to the 12th century CE. It contains the entire

apart from the

Book of Revelation The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament (and consequently the final book of the Christian Bible). Its title is derived from the first word of the Koine Greek text: , meaning "unveiling" or "revelation". The Book o ...

. The codex was prepared for liturgical use with

marginalia Marginalia (or apostils) are marks made in the margin (typography), margins of a book or other document. They may be scribbles, comments, gloss (annotation), glosses (annotations), critiques, doodles, drolleries, or illuminated manuscript, ...

(text division), and has almost completely survived;

Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (; ; English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus;''Erasmus'' was his baptismal name, given after St. Erasmus of Formiae. ''Desiderius'' was an adopted additional name, which he used from 1496. The ''Roterodamus'' w ...

used it for his ''

Novum Instrumentum omne ''Novum Instrumentum omne'' was the first published New Testament in Greek (1516). It was prepared by Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) and printed by Johann Froben (1460–1527) of Basel. Although the first printed Greek New Testament was the ...

''. The text of the manuscript has been cited in all critical editions of the Greek New Testament; in this codex, the text of the Gospels is more highly esteemed by scholars than that of the remaining New Testament books. The codex is housed at the Basel University Library, with shelf number A. N. IV, 2 (earlier B. VI. 27).

Description

The codex contains the entire

(except of

) in the following order: the

Gospel Gospel originally meant the Christian message (" the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words a ...

s, the Acts of the Apostles and the

General A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". O ...

and

Pauline epistles The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest ext ...

(

Hebrews The terms ''Hebrews'' (Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and ...

is the last book in Paul). The text is written in one column per page, 38 lines per page, on 297 parchment leaves (). It was originally accompanied by miniatures, which were stolen before 1860–1862 (except one before the Gospel of John, which remains). The dimensions of the text are . It was written on parchment continuously and without separation in elegant

, furnished with breathings (

spiritus asper In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the rough breathing ( grc, δασὺ πνεῦμα, dasỳ pneûma or ''daseîa''; la, spīritus asper) character is a diacritical mark used to indicate the presence of an sound before a vowel, ...

spiritus lenis The smooth breathing ( grc, ψιλὸν πνεῦμα, psilòn pneûma; ell, ψιλή ''psilí''; la, spīritus lēnis) is a diacritical mark used in polytonic orthography. In Ancient Greek, it marks the absence of the voiceless glottal frica ...

), accents, and

Iota adscript The iota subscript is a diacritic mark in the Greek alphabet shaped like a small vertical stroke or miniature iota placed below the letter. It can occur with the vowel letters eta , omega , and alpha . It represents the former presence of ...

. The initial letters are gilt, and on the first page of each Gospel the

full stop The full stop ( Commonwealth English), period ( North American English), or full point , is a punctuation mark. It is used for several purposes, most often to mark the end of a declarative sentence (as distinguished from a question or exclam ...

is a large gilt ball. The text is divided according to chapters (κεφαλαια) whose numbers are given in the margin, with their titles () at the top of the page. The text of the Gospels is divided according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Matthew 352, in Mark 236 with last numbered section in 16:12, in Luke 340, in John 227), but references to the

Eusebian Canons Eusebian canons, Eusebian sections or Eusebian apparatus, also known as Ammonian sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into chapters and verses used in modern texts ...

are absent. The Book of Acts and the epistles have the

Euthalian Apparatus The Euthalian Apparatus is a collection of additional editorial material, such as divisions of text, lists, and summaries, to the New Testament's Book of Acts, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles. This additional material appears at the beginn ...

. It contains prolegomena,

synaxaria Synaxarion or Synexarion (plurals Synaxaria, Synexaria; el, Συναξάριον, from συνάγειν, ''synagein'', "to bring together"; cf. etymology of ''synaxis'' and ''synagogue''; Latin: ''Synaxarium'', ''Synexarium''; cop, ⲥⲩⲛⲁ ...

(a list of saints), two types of lectionary markings in the margin (for liturgical reading), and pictures (e.g. a portrait of John the Evangelist and

Prochorus Prochorus (Latin form of the gr, Πρόχορος, ''Prochoros'') was one of the Seven Deacons chosen to care for the poor of the Christian community in Jerusalem (Acts ). According to later tradition he was also one of the Seventy Disciples sent ...

). The later type of liturgical notes, so called (only for Gospels), were added by a later hand (in red). There are 116 in the Gospel of Matthew, 70 in the Gospel of Mark, 114 in the Gospel of Luke, and 67 in the Gospel of John. In the 15th century, the later hand added Prolegomena. The codex contains a scholion questioning the authenticity of Mark 16:9-20. The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) is placed after John 21:25.

Text

In Aland's Profile,

Kurt Kurt is a male given name of Germanic or Turkish origin. ''Kurt'' or ''Curt'' originated as short forms of the Germanic Conrad, depending on geographical usage, with meanings including counselor or advisor. In Turkish, Kurt means "Wolf" and is ...

and

Barbara Aland Barbara Aland, née Ehlers (born 12 April 1937 in Hamburg, Germany) is a German theologian and was a Professor of New Testament Research and Church History at Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster until 2002. Biography After having ...

placed the codex's

s in Category III, meaning it has historical importance, with the profile of 119¹, 80², 60^1/2, 69^s. This means the text of the codex agrees with the Byzantine standard text 119 times, with the original text against the Byzantine 80 times, and with both the Byzantine and original text 60 times. There are 69 independent or distinctive readings in the Gospels. While the Gospels in codex 1 are considered a representative of the

Caesarean text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, Caesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Koine Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but ...

, the remainder of the books of the New Testament are considered a representative of the

Byzantine text-type In the textual criticism of the New Testament, the Byzantine text-type (also called Majority Text, Traditional Text, Ecclesiastical Text, Constantinopolitan Text, Antiocheian Text, or Syrian Text) is one of the main text types. It is the form f ...

and falls into Category V, the lowest and least important in Aland's Profile. It belongs to the textual

Family 1 Family 1 is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 12th to the 15th century. The group takes its name from the minuscule codex 1, now in the Basel University Library, Switzerland. "Family 1" is also known as "the Lake G ...

with manuscripts

118 118 may refer to: *118 (number) *AD 118 *118 BC *118 (TV series) *118 (film) *118 (Tees) Corps Engineer Regiment *118 (Tees) Field Squadron, Royal Engineers See also *11/8 (disambiguation) *Oganesson Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element wi ...

, 131 and 209. Classification in this textual family was supported by the

Claremont Profile Method The Claremont Profile Method is a method for classifying ancient manuscripts of the Bible. It was elaborated by Ernest Cadman Colwell and his students. Professor Frederik Wisse attempted to establish an accurate and rapid procedure for the classi ...

, but it was only examined with this method in Luke 1, Luke 10 and Luke 20. Griesbach was the first who noted its similarities to the text of

Origen Origen of Alexandria, ''Ōrigénēs''; Origen's Greek name ''Ōrigénēs'' () probably means "child of Horus" (from , "Horus", and , "born"). ( 185 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an early Christian scholar, ascetic, and the ...

's commentary to the

Gospel of Matthew The Gospel of Matthew), or simply Matthew. It is most commonly abbreviated as "Matt." is the first book of the New Testament of the Bible and one of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells how Israel's Messiah, Jesus, comes to his people and ...

. According to

Hort Hort may refer to: People * Erik Hort (born 1987), American soccer player * F. J. A. Hort (1828–1892), Irish theologian * Greta Hort (1903–1967), Danish-born literature professor * Josiah Hort (c. 1674–1751), English clergyman of the ...

, its text preceded the

byzantine text-type In the textual criticism of the New Testament, the Byzantine text-type (also called Majority Text, Traditional Text, Ecclesiastical Text, Constantinopolitan Text, Antiocheian Text, or Syrian Text) is one of the main text types. It is the form f ...

Kirsopp Lake Kirsopp Lake (7 April 187210 November 1946) was an English New Testament scholar, Church historian, Greek Palaeographer, and Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard Divinity School. He had an uncommon breadth of interests. His m ...

compared the text of the codex with the text of Stephanus, and showed that minuscule 1 contains 2243 variants from the

Textus Receptus ''Textus Receptus'' (Latin: "received text") refers to all printed editions of the Greek New Testament from Erasmus's '' Novum Instrumentum omne'' (1516) to the 1633 Elzevir edition. It was the most commonly used text type for Protestant deno ...

in the sections comprising Matthew 1-10, Matthew 22–Mark 14, Luke 4-23, and John 1-13 and 18. In , it has the well-known textual variant "" (''Jesus Barabbas''). This variant also appears in Codex Koridethi (Θ),

Minuscule 700 Minuscule 700 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), ε 133 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a Greek New Testament minuscule manuscript of the Gospels, written on parchment. It was formerly ...

, and other members of the group ''ƒ''¹. A26/ref>

History

Textual critics and palaeographers like Wettstein, Tischendorf,

Scrivener A scrivener (or scribe) was a person who could read and write or who wrote letters to court and legal documents. Scriveners were people who made their living by writing or copying written material. This usually indicated secretarial and adm ...

and Gregory dated the manuscript to the 10th century.

Henri Omont Henri Auguste Omont (15 September 1857 – 9 December 1940) was a French librarian, philologist, and historian. Life In 1881 he wrote a thesis ''De la ponctuation'' and graduated from the École Nationale des Chartes. As a librarian at the Bi ...

and

Lake A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much lar ...

dated it to the 12th century, and

Dean Burgon John William Burgon (21 August 18134 August 1888) was an English Anglican divine who became the Dean of Chichester Cathedral in 1876. He was known during his lifetime for his poetry and his defence of the historicity and Mosaic authorship of Ge ...

to the 12th or 13th century. It is dated by the

Institute for New Testament Textual Research The Institute for New Testament Textual Research (german: Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung — INTF) at the University of Münster, Westphalia, Germany, is to research the textual history of the New Testament and to reconstruct its G ...

to the 12th century because the frequent occurrence of enlarged letters, rounded breathing marks, flourishes and ligatures seem to eliminate earlier dates. The manuscript was presented to the monastery of the

Preaching Friars The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and mystic Dominic of Cal ...

by Cardinal Ragusio, general of the Dominicans. It was used by

Desiderius Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (; ; English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus;''Erasmus'' was his baptismal name, given after St. Erasmus of Formiae. ''Desiderius'' was an adopted additional name, which he used from 1496. The ''Roterodamus'' w ...

in the

first edition The bibliographical definition of an edition includes all copies of a book printed from substantially the same setting of type, including all minor typographical variants. First edition According to the definition of ''edition'' above, a b ...

of his '' Novum Testamentum'' (1516); as a result, some of its readings are found in the ''

''. Erasmus used this codex very little because its text was different from other manuscripts with which he was acquainted. Oecolampadius and Gerbelius (Erasmus's sub-editors) insisted that he use more readings from this codex in his third edition; however according to Erasmus, the text of this codex was altered from the Latin manuscripts and had secondary value. Since 1559, it has been kept at the

University of Basel The University of Basel (Latin: ''Universitas Basiliensis'', German: ''Universität Basel'') is a university in Basel, Switzerland. Founded on 4 April 1460, it is Switzerland's oldest university and among the world's oldest surviving universitie ...

, along with Codex Basilensis and

minuscule 2 Codex Basiliensis A. N. IV. 1, known as ''Minuscule 2'' (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), ε 1214 (in von Soden's numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, writte ...

Johann Albrecht Bengel Johann Albrecht Bengel (24 June 1687 – 2 November 1752), also known as ''Bengelius'', was a Lutheran pietist clergyman and Greek-language scholar known for his edition of the Greek New Testament and his commentaries on it. Life and career Be ...

used several extracts from the codex, and Wettstein was the first who thoroughly examined it. According to him, in the Gospels its text agrees with the most ancient codices and patristic quotations; therefore, he called it number one. In 1751 he changed his high opinion (''Novum Testamentum Græcum''),, dating the codex to the 10th century. Wettstein collated this manuscript twice, with many errors; according to Tregelles, his collation was incorrect in more than 1,200 readings. Leonard Hug supported Wettstein's last opinion that the codex was Latinisated. Tregelles and Roth again collated the text of this codex, and Tregelles noticed that it was textually close to Minuscule 118.

noticed that minuscules 131 and 209 were also textually similar. This entire group was examined by

in 1902, and it was called "the Lake Group" (or

). The text of the family was established on the basis of minuscule 1 (Lake collated codex 1 with Minuscules

, 131, and 209).

demonstrated that at least 22 verses of Erasmian's Greek New Testament text were derived from minuscule 1: *; ; ; , , , *, , ; ; ; *, ; ; , ; *; ; The manuscript has been cited in all critical editions of the Greek New Testament, and systematically cited in the third and fourth editions edited by United Bible Societies (UBS3 and UBS4) and Nestle-Aland's 26th and 27th editions (NA26 and NA27). In NA27, the codex is cited as a witness of the first order.

References

External links

Online images of minuscule 1
( Digital Microfilm) at the

CSNTM The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts (CSNTM) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization whose mission is to digitally preserve Greek New Testament manuscripts. Toward that end, CSNTM takes digital photographs of manuscripts at instit ...

. * R. Waltz
Minuscule 1
''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism'' (2007)
IDS BS BE Archive

Images
NT.VMR {{DEFAULTSORT:Minuscule 0001 Greek New Testament minuscules 12th-century biblical manuscripts 12th-century illuminated manuscripts

Description

Text

History

See also

References

Further reading

External links