Clyde Summers

Clyde Wilson Summers (November 21, 1918 – October 30, 2010) was an American lawyer and educator who is best known for his work in advocating more democratic procedures in labor unions. He helped write the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (also known as the Landrum–Griffin Act)Greenhouse, Steven. "Clyde Summers, Advocate of Labor Union Democracy, Is Dead at 91." ''New York Times.'' November 11, 2010.
/ref> and was highly influential in the field of labor law, authoring more than 150 publications on the issue of union democracy alone.Shearer, ''Home Front Heroes,'' 2007, p. 790. He was considered the nation's leading expert on union democracy. "What Louis Brandeis was to the field of privacy law, Clyde Summers is to the field of union democracy," wrote Widener University School of Law professor Michael J. Goldberg in the summer of 2010. "Summers, like Brandeis, provided the theoretical foundation for an important new field of law."

Early life

Summers was born in Grass Range, Montana.Joseph, ''Black Mondays: Worst Decisions of the Supreme Court,'' 1987, p. 47. His parents were farmers, and the Summers family moved to Colorado; South Dakota; and Tecumseh, Nebraska, before settling in Winchester, Illinois, in 1929. His mother died that same year. Summers attended high school in Winchester, and entered the University of Illinois at the age of 16. There, he earned a Bachelor of Science in accounting in 1939 and subsequently attended the University's college of law where he graduated with a J.D. (cum laude) in 1942. While an undergraduate and law student, Summers became active in the Methodist Student Movement and became a believer in the social gospel.

Career and further education

Summers' brother had enlisted in the United States Army at the beginning of World War II. But Summers, opposed to the use of force, declared himself a conscientious objector. The Illinois State Bar Association admitted he was of high moral character and exhibited excellent knowledge of the law, but denied him admission in 1942 due to his conscientious objector status.Konvitz, ''Fundamental Liberties of a Free People: Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly,'' 2003, p. 224-225. In a highly controversial but important decision, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the denial of admission to the bar in '' In re Summers'', 325 U.S. 561 (1945). Summers later was admitted to the New York State Bar Association.

He taught law at the University of Toledo from 1942 to 1945.Smith, "Panel Discussion: The National Labor Relations Act and Collective Bargaining," in ''Collective Bargaining and the Law,'' 1986, p. 39. In the summer of 1945, although a law professor and no longer a student, he participated in the Chicago YMCA's "Students in Industry," joined union strike picket lines, and protested discrimination against African Americans at local restaurants. While teaching at Toledo, he met and married Evelyn Wahlgren, a music teacher. They had two sons and two daughters.

Summers earned a Master of Laws in 1946 and a Doctor of Science in law in 1952, both from Columbia University. He taught law at the University of Buffalo from 1949 to 1956. While at Buffalo, Summers was also employed by the United Auto Workers and United Steelworkers to teach labor law to union members, and represented union members in arbitration hearings.Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 135. In the summer of 1949, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) asked Summers to update the organization's 1943 report, ''Democracy in Trade Unions''. The updated report was published in June 1952. He taught law at Yale Law School from 1956 to 1975, but left after he felt marginalized by the faculty there. He joined the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1975, where he was Jefferson B. Fordham Professor of Law. He retired in 2005 at the age of 87.

Union work

In the 1940s and 1950s, Summers wrote numerous "ground-breaking" articles for law reviews that discussed how labor unions were violating their members' rights and the lack of democratic procedures and due process in union constitutions and processes. His 1947 article, "The Right to Join a Union", proved to be a critical piece in the development of his legal thinking, because it advocated that union members do not merely gain the right to work on a job but gain the right to actively participate in the union's decision-making processes.

As the United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management began holding hearings in early 1957 on organized crime's influence in labor unions, Governor of New York Averell Harriman believed a similar commission should be created to address problems in his state. Subsequently, Harriman established the Governor's Committee on Improper Labor and Management Practices and appointed Summers chair. Summers and the committee drafted legislation which eventually became the New York Labor and Management Improper Practices Act of 1958.Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 134. That same year, Summers drafted a "bill of rights for union members" for the ACLU.

Summers' work was critical to the drafting and passage of the Landrum–Griffin Act in 1959. His 1952 ACLU report helped frame the legislative proposals the Senate Select Committee considered as its work came to an end.Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 136. In 1957, Harvard Law School professor Archibald Cox was asked by Senator John F. Kennedy to put together a panel of experts to draft labor law reform legislation that would address the issues raised by the Select Committee.Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 138. The draft legislation which Summers helped write was the foundation of the 1958 Kennedy-Ives Bill, which itself was incorporated into the Landrum–Griffin Act. The New York legislation Summers helped write became the basis for Title V of the Act. His testimony before the Senate "played a pivotal role in the Senate's narrow vote, during the next session of Congress, to add a Union Members' Bill of Rights to the bill..."

Beginning in 1969, Summers served on the board of directors of the Association for Union Democracy (AUD), a position he would not leave for almost four decades.Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 144. He was also a member of the AUD Legal Review Committee, which helped decide which lawsuits the organization would participate in. Summers deeply influenced Supreme Court decisions several times. He submitted the AUD's brief in '' Hall v. Cole'', 412 U.S. 1 (1973), in which the Supreme Court interpreted the Landrum–Griffin Act to permit the awarding of attorney's fees to successful plaintiffs. His arguments "and the legitimacy his presence in the case lent to those arguments no doubt influenced the outcome of this case..." He participated in two landmark Landrum–Griffin decisions of the US Supreme Court, '' Trbovich v. United Mine Workers'', 404 U.S. 528 (1972) (which upheld the right of union members to intervene in enforcement proceedings brought by the United States Department of Labor) and ''Dunlop v. Bachowski'', 421 U.S. 560 (1975) (which upheld the authority of federal courts to review the Department of Labor's decision to proceed or not proceed with prosecutions under Landrum–Griffin).Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 144-146. Indeed, he wrote most of the legal brief in ''Trbovich''. Due to his work with the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA), he later was asked to draft new constitutions for many UMWA locals as well as the international union.Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 146-147. He also testified in a federal RICO prosecution against Teamsters Local 506, a favorable decision which eventually led to the establishment of federal trusteeship over the entire international union in 1989.

Summers' theory of union democracy was that transparency and democracy make it very unlikely that organized crime will gain a foothold in a union, or that union leaders will act against their members' best interests.Jacobs, ''Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement,'' 2006, p. xiii. His 1960 casebook, ''Labor Relations and the Law'', is considered a labor law "classic". His 1998 casebook, ''Labor Law, Cases and Materials'', "is one of the few casebooks to provide a thorough discussion of union democracy." His most influential later work was the article "Democracy in a One-Party State: Perspectives from Landrum–Griffin," published in 1984.Summers, Clyde W. "Democracy in a One-Party State: Perspectives from Landrum–Griffin" ''Maryland Law Review''. 43:93 (1984); the assessment of the importance of this article is from Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 148.

Death

Summers died at a retirement home in Germantown, Pennsylvania, on October 30, 2010, from complications of a stroke. He was survived by his wife, his two daughters, and his two sons.

Publications

;Articles
*'The Right to Join a Union' (1947) 47 Columbia Law Review 33
*‘The Public Interest in Union Democracy’ (1958) 53 Northwestern Law Review 610
*'Worker Participation in the U.S. and West Germany: A Comparative Study from an American Perspective’ (1980) 28 American Journal of Comparative Law 367
*‘Democracy in a one party state: perspectives from Landrum Griffin’ (1984) 43 Maryland Law Review 93

See also

*US labor law
*UK labour law

References

Footnotes

Sources

*Finkin, Matthew W. "Labor Law Scholarship: A Critical Survey." In ''Research Frontiers in Industrial Relations and Human Resources.'' David Lewin, ed. Madison, Wisc.: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1992.
*Goldberg, Michael J. "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law." ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal.'' 14:121 (2010).
*Jacobs, James B. ''Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement.'' New York: New York University Press, 2006.
*Joseph, Joel D. ''Black Mondays: Worst Decisions of the Supreme Court.'' Bethesda, Md.: National Press, 1987.
*Kalman, Laura. ''Yale Law School and the Sixties: Revolt and Reverberations.'' Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
*Konvitz, Milton Ridvas. ''Fundamental Liberties of a Free People: Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly.'' New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2003.
*Kramer, Daniel C. ''The Price of Rights: The Courts, the Welfare State, and Civil Liberties.'' Frankfurt, Ky.: P. Lang, 2003.
*Shearer, Benjamin F. ''Home Front Heroes.'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2007.
*Smith, Russell A. "Panel Discussion: The National Labor Relations Act and Collective Bargaining." In ''Collective Bargaining and the Law.'' Buffalo, N.Y.: Wm. S. Hein, 1986.
*Walker, Samuel. ''In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU.'' Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999.
*Wicek, William M. ''History of the Supreme Court of the United States: The Birth of the Modern Constitution: The United States Supreme Court, 1941–1953.'' New York: Macmillan, 2006.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Summers, Clyde
1918 births
2010 deaths
American Christian pacifists
American conscientious objectors
American legal scholars
American legal writers
Methodists from Illinois
Columbia Law School alumni
Gies College of Business alumni
Labour law scholars
Methodist pacifists
People from Fergus County, Montana
People from Winchester, Illinois
Scholars of comparative law
University of Illinois College of Law alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty
University of Toledo faculty
Yale Law School faculty