Clupeiformes is the order of
ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of sk ...
that includes the
herring
Herring are various species of forage fish, belonging to the Order (biology), order Clupeiformes.
Herring often move in large Shoaling and schooling, schools around fishing banks and near the coast, found particularly in shallow, temperate wate ...
family,
Clupeidae, and the
anchovy family,
Engraulidae and
sardines. The group includes many of the most important
forage
Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock. Historically, the term ''forage'' has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also used m ...
and
food fish.
Clupeiformes are
physostomes, which means that their
gas bladder has a
pneumatic duct connecting it to the
gut. They typically lack a
lateral line, but still have the eyes,
fins and
scales
Scale or scales may refer to:
Mathematics
* Scale (descriptive set theory), an object defined on a set of points
* Scale (ratio), the ratio of a linear dimension of a model to the corresponding dimension of the original
* Scale factor, a number ...
that are common to most fish, though not all fish have these attributes. They are generally silvery fish with streamlined, spindle-shaped bodies, and they often
school
A school is the educational institution (and, in the case of in-person learning, the Educational architecture, building) designed to provide learning environments for the teaching of students, usually under the direction of teachers. Most co ...
. Most species eat
plankton
Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms that drift in Hydrosphere, water (or atmosphere, air) but are unable to actively propel themselves against ocean current, currents (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are ca ...
which they filter from the water with their
gill rakers.
The former order of Isospondyli was subsumed mostly by Clupeiformes, but some isospondylous fishes (isospondyls) were assigned to
Osteoglossiformes,
Salmoniformes,
Cetomimiformes, etc.
Their
sister group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree.
Definition
The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram:
Taxon A and ...
were the extinct
Ellimmichthyiformes, which were dominant throughout much of the
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...
and into the
Paleogene
The Paleogene Period ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma. It is the fir ...
,
and often coexisted with clupeiforms at many known localities. Both groups closely resembled each other morphologically, although the ellimmichthyiformes evolved some highly divergent body plans later in the Cretaceous.
Several fossil clupeiforms are known from the
Early Cretaceous
The Early Cretaceous (geochronology, geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous (chronostratigraphy, chronostratigraphic name) is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous. It is usually considered to stretch from 143.1 ...
of
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...
that appear to be more closely allied with Clupeioidei over the
Denticipitidae. This suggests a very deep divergence within the
crown group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor ...
Clupeiformes that must have occurred during the Early Cretaceous or before.
Families
The order includes about 405 species in ten families:
* Order Clupeiformes
** Genus †''
Histiothrissa''
Woodward, 1901
** Genus ?†''
Jhingrania''
Misra & Saxena, 1959 (possibly a
clupavid)
** Genus †''
Santanaclupea''
Maisey, 1993
** Genus †''
Spratticeps''
Patterson, 1970
** Suborder Denticipitoidei
Grande, 1982
*** Family
Denticipitidae Clausen, 1959 (denticle herring)
** Suborder
Clupeoidei Bleeker, 1849
*** Genus †''
Beksinskiella''
Granica, Bieńowska-Wasiluki & Paldyna, 2004
*** Genus †''
Nolfia''
De Figueiredo, 2009
*** Genus †''
Pseudoellima''
De Figueiredo, 2009
*** Family †
Cynoclupeidae Malabarba & Di Dario, 2017
*** Family
Spratelloididae D. S. Jordan 1925 (dwarf herrings or small round herrings)
*** Family
Engraulidae Gill
A gill () is a respiration organ, respiratory organ that many aquatic ecosystem, aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow r ...
, 1861 (anchovies)
*** Family
Clupeidae Cuvier, 1816 (herrings and sprats)
*** Family
Chirocentridae Bleeker, 1849 (wolf herrings)
*** Family
Dussumieriidae Gill, 1861 (round herrings or rainbow sardines)
*** Family
Pristigasteridae Bleeker, 1872 (longfin herrings)
*** Family
Ehiravidae Deraniyagala, 1929 (river sprats)
*** Family
Alosidae
The Alosidae, or the shads, are a family of clupeiform fishes. The family currently comprises four genera worldwide, and about 32 species.
The shads are pelagic (open water) schooling fish, of which many are anadromous or even landlocked. Seve ...
Svetovidov, 1952 (shads and sardines)
*** Family
Dorosomatidae
Dorosomatidae is a family of clupeiform fishes. It is now recognized by FishBase as a family in its own right; it had been considered to be a subfamily of Clupeidae. It contains 31 extant
Extant or Least-concern species, least concern is ...
Gill, 1861 (thread herrings or gizzard shads and sardinellas)
Timeline of genera
ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px
PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px
Period = from:-199.6 till:15
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-199.6
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-199.6
TimeAxis = orientation:hor
AlignBars = justify
Colors =
#legends
id:CAR value:claret
id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
id:HER value:teal
id:HAD value:green
id:OMN value:blue
id:black value:black
id:white value:white
id:mesozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
id:triassic value:rgb(0.51,0.17,0.57)
id:earlytriassic value:rgb(0.6,0.22,0.61)
id:middletriassic value:rgb(0.73,0.53,0.71)
id:latetriassic value:rgb(0.78,0.65,0.8)
id:jurassic value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.79)
id:earlyjurassic value:rgb(0,0.69,0.89)
id:middlejurassic value:rgb(0.52,0.81,0.91)
id:latejurassic value:rgb(0.74,0.89,0.97)
id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31)
id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65)
id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37)
id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)
id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)
id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)
id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)
id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)
id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)
BarData=
bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM4
bar:NAM5
bar:NAM6
bar:NAM7
bar:NAM8
bar:NAM9
bar:NAM10
bar:NAM11
bar:NAM12
bar:NAM13
bar:NAM14
bar:NAM15
bar:NAM16
bar:NAM17
bar:NAM18
bar:NAM19
bar:NAM20
bar:NAM21
bar:NAM22
bar:NAM23
bar:NAM24
bar:NAM25
bar:NAM26
bar:NAM27
bar:NAM28
bar:NAM29
bar:NAM30
bar:NAM31
bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
shift:(7,-4)
bar:periodtop
from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text: Early
from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text: Middle
from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text: Late
from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text: Early
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text: Late
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text: Paleo.
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text: Eo.
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text: Oligo.
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text: Mio.
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Pl.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pl.
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H.
bar:eratop
from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately 143.1 Mya. ...
from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene Period ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma. It is the fir ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ,) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago. It is the second period of th ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
PlotData=
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
color:latejurassic bar:NAM1 from:-161.2 till:-149.03 text: Pachythrissops
color:latejurassic bar:NAM2 from:-150.8 till:-149.03 text: Daitingichthys
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-99.6 till:-93.5 text: Ornategulum
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM4 from:-99.6 till:-93.5 text: Scombroclupea
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-94.3 till:-85.8 text: Leufuichthys
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM6 from:-85.8 till:-83.5 text: Histiothrissa
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-70.6 till:-65.5 text: Gasteroclupea
color:eocene bar:NAM6 from:-55.8 till:-48.6 text: Knightia
color:eocene bar:NAM8 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text: Hacquetia
color:eocene bar:NAM9 from:-55.8 till:0 text: Clupea
color:eocene bar:NAM10 from:-55.8 till:0 text: Harengula
color:eocene bar:NAM11 from:-55.8 till:0 text: Chirocentrus
color:eocene bar:NAM12 from:-48.6 till:0 text: Etrumeus
color:eocene bar:NAM13 from:-48.6 till:0 text:Sardinella
''Sardinella'' is a genus of fish in the family Dorosomatidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are abundant in warmer waters of the tropical and subtropical oceans. Adults are generally coastal, schooling, marine fish but ...
color:eocene bar:NAM14 from:-37.2 till:0 text: Alosa
color:oligocene bar:NAM15 from:-33.9 till:0 text: Opisthonema
color:oligocene bar:NAM16 from:-33.9 till:0 text: Pomolobus
color:oligocene bar:NAM17 from:-28.4 till:0 text: Sardina
color:miocene bar:NAM18 from:-23.03 till:0 text: Stolephorus
color:miocene bar:NAM19 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Anchoa
''Anchoa'' is a genus of ray-finned fishes in the family Engraulidae. It currently consists of 35 species.
Species
There are currently 35 recognized species in this genus:
* ''Anchoa analis'' (Robert Rush Miller, R. R. Miller, 1945) (Longfin Pa ...
color:miocene bar:NAM20 from:-23.03 till:0 text: Ilisha
color:miocene bar:NAM21 from:-23.03 till:0 text: Sardinops
color:miocene bar:NAM22 from:-15.97 till:0 text: Pseudohilsa
color:miocene bar:NAM23 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Alisea
color:miocene bar:NAM24 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Etringus
color:miocene bar:NAM25 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Ganoessus
color:miocene bar:NAM26 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Ganolytes
color:miocene bar:NAM27 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Quisque
color:miocene bar:NAM28 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Xyne
color:miocene bar:NAM29 from:-11.608 till:0 text: Engraulis
color:miocene bar:NAM30 from:-11.608 till:0 text: Sarmatella
color:pliocene bar:NAM31 from:-5.332 till:-2.588 text: Austroclupea
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
bar:period
from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text: Early
from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text: Middle
from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text: Late
from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text: Early
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text: Late
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text: Paleo.
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text: Eo.
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text: Oligo.
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text: Mio.
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Pl.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pl.
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H.
bar:era
from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately 143.1 Mya. ...
from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene Period ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma. It is the fir ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ,) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago. It is the second period of th ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
References
*
{{Authority control
Ray-finned fish orders
Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker