Clupeiformes is the order of
ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species.
The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or h ...
that includes the
herring
Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family of Clupeidae.
Herring often move in large schools around fishing banks and near the coast, found particularly in shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Ocea ...
family,
Clupeidae
Clupeidae is a family of ray-finned fishes, comprising, for instance, the herrings, shads, sardines, hilsa, and menhadens. The clupeoids include many of the most important food fishes in the world, and are also commonly caught for production ...
, and the
anchovy
An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water.
More than 140 species are placed in 1 ...
family,
Engraulidae. The group includes many of the most important
forage
Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock. Historically, the term ''forage'' has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also us ...
and
food fish
Food is any substance consumed by an organism for nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or fungal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is inges ...
.
Clupeiformes are
physostomes, which means that their
gas bladder has a
pneumatic duct connecting it to the
gut
Gut or guts may refer to:
Anatomy
* Abdomen or belly, the region of a vertebrate between the chest and pelvis
* Abdominal obesity or "a gut", a large deposit of belly fat
* Gastrointestinal tract or gut, the system of digestive organs
* Ins ...
. They typically lack a
lateral line, but still have the eyes,
fins
A fin is a thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structure. Fins typically function as foils that produce lift or thrust, or provide the ability to steer or stabilize motion while traveling in water, air, or other fluids. F ...
and
scales that are common to most fish, though not all fish have these attributes. They are generally silvery fish with streamlined, spindle-shaped, bodies, and they often
school
A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes compu ...
. Most species eat
plankton
Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in water (or air) that are unable to propel themselves against a current (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters. In the ocean, they provide a cr ...
which they filter from the water with their
gill raker
Gill rakers in fish are bony or cartilaginous processes that project from the branchial arch (gill arch) and are involved with suspension feeding tiny prey. They are not to be confused with the gill filaments that compose the fleshy part of th ...
s.
The former order of Isospondyli was subsumed mostly by Clupeiformes, but some isospondylous fishes (isospondyls) were assigned to
Osteoglossiformes,
Salmoniformes,
Cetomimiformes, etc.
Families
The order includes about 405 species in seven families:
* Order Clupeiformes
** Suborder Denticipitoidei
*** Family
Denticipitidae
The denticle herring (''Denticeps clupeoides'') is a small, up to long, species of ray-finned fish found only in the rivers of Benin, Nigeria, and western Cameroon. It is related to the herrings, but notable for its large anal fin and its array ...
(denticle herring)
** Suborder Clupeoidei
*** Family
Engraulidae (anchovies)
**** Subfamily
Coiliinae
**** Subfamily
Engraulinae
*** Family
Spratelloididae
Spratelloididae is a family of clupeiform fishes. It is now recognized by FishBase as a family in its own right; it had been considered to be a subfamily of Clupeidae. It contains two extant
Extant is the opposite of the word extinct. It ma ...
*** Family
Pristigasteridae (longfin herrings)
**** Subfamily
Pristigasterinae
Pristigasteridae is a family of ray-finned fish related to the herrings, including the genera '' Ilisha'', '' Pellona'', and '' Pristigaster''. One common name for the taxon is longfin herring. The taxonomic classification of this family is in do ...
**** Subfamily
Pelloninae
Pristigasteridae is a family of ray-finned fish related to the herrings, including the genera '' Ilisha'', '' Pellona'', and '' Pristigaster''. One common name for the taxon is longfin herring. The taxonomic classification of this family is in do ...
*** Family
Chirocentridae
The wolf herrings are a family (Chirocentridae) of two marine species of ray-finned fish related to the herrings.
Both species have elongated bodies and jaws with long sharp teeth that facilitate their ravenous appetites, mostly for other fish. ...
(wolf herrings)
*** Family
Dussumieriidae (round herrings)
*** Family
Clupeidae
Clupeidae is a family of ray-finned fishes, comprising, for instance, the herrings, shads, sardines, hilsa, and menhadens. The clupeoids include many of the most important food fishes in the world, and are also commonly caught for production ...
ncl. Sundasalangidae) (herrings, sardines, shads, and menhadens)
**** Subfamily Clupeinae">Sundasalangidae.html" ;"title="ncl. Sundasalangidae">ncl. Sundasalangidae) (herrings, sardines, shads, and menhadens)
**** Subfamily Clupeinae
**** Subfamily Ehiravinae
**** Subfamily Alosinae
**** Subfamily Dorosomatinae
**** Subfamily Pellonulinae
Timeline of genera
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** Early Christianity
** Early modern Europe
Places in the United States
* Early, Iowa
* Early, Texas
* Early ...
from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:Middle
Middle or The Middle may refer to:
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Places
* Middle (sheading), a subdivision of the Isle of Man
* Middle Bay (disambiguation)
* Middle Brook (disambiguation)
* Middle Creek (d ...
from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text: Late
from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early
Early may refer to:
History
* The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.:
** Early Christianity
** Early modern Europe
Places in the United States
* Early, Iowa
* Early, Texas
* Early ...
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text: Late
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text: Paleo.
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from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text: Mio.
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Pl.
PL, P.L., Pl, or .pl may refer to:
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* Partit Laburista, a Maltese political party
* Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006), a Brazilian political party
* Liberal Party (Moldova), a Moldovan political p ...
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PL, P.L., Pl, or .pl may refer to:
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* Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006), a Brazilian political party
* Liberal Party (Moldova), a Moldovan political p ...
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H.
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from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic
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from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
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color:latejurassic bar:NAM1 from:-161.2 till:-149.03 text:Pachythrissops
''Pachythrissops'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish. It contains two species, ''P. laevis'' from the Purbeckian of England and ''P. propterus'' from the Tithonian of Germany. A third species, ''P. vectensis'', has been reassigned to the ...
color:latejurassic bar:NAM2 from:-150.8 till:-149.03 text: Daitingichthys
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-99.6 till:-93.5 text:Ornategulum
''Ornategulum'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Cenomanian
The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretace ...
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM4 from:-99.6 till:-93.5 text:Scombroclupea
''Scombroclupea'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Cenomanian
The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Creta ...
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-94.3 till:-85.8 text:Leufuichthys
''Leufuichthys'' (" Leufú fish") is an extinct genus of clupeomorph fish which existed in Patagonia, Argentina during the late Cretaceous epoch (Turonian or Coniacian stage). It is known from the holotype – MUCPv 371, an incomplete specime ...
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM6 from:-85.8 till:-83.5 text:Histiothrissa
''Histiothrissa'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived during the Santonian.
References
Clupeiformes
Late Cretaceous fish
Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera
{{clupeiformes-stub ...
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-70.6 till:-65.5 text:Gasteroclupea
''Gasteroclupea'' is a genus of prehistoric clupeiform fish that is related to modern anchovies and herrings. Its fossils date back to the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous period. Fossils of the genus have been found in the Yacoraite ...
color:eocene bar:NAM6 from:-55.8 till:-48.6 text:Knightia
''Knightia'' is an extinct genus of clupeid bony fish that lived in the freshwater lakes and rivers of North America and Asia during the Eocene epoch. The genus was erected by David Starr Jordan in 1907, in honor of the late University of ...
color:eocene bar:NAM8 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:Hacquetia
''Hacquetia'' may refer to:
* ''Hacquetia'' (fish), a genus of prehistoric fishes in the order Clupeiformes
* '' Hacquetia (journal)'', academic journal from Slovenia
*''Hacquetia'', a former plant genus in the family Apiaceae with the only speci ...
color:eocene bar:NAM9 from:-55.8 till:0 text: Clupea
color:eocene bar:NAM10 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Harengula
''Harengula'' is a genus of herrings that occur mostly in the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, with one species in the eastern Pacific Ocean. There are currently four described species.
Species
* '' Harengula clupeola'' (C ...
color:eocene bar:NAM11 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Chirocentrus
The wolf herrings are a family (biology), family (Chirocentridae) of two marine species of ray-finned fish related to the herrings.
Both species have elongated bodies and jaws with long sharp teeth that facilitate their ravenous appetites, mostl ...
color:eocene bar:NAM12 from:-48.6 till:0 text: Etrumeus
color:eocene bar:NAM13 from:-48.6 till:0 text: Sardinella
color:eocene bar:NAM14 from:-37.2 till:0 text:
color:oligocene bar:NAM15 from:-33.9 till:0 text:Opisthonema
color:oligocene bar:NAM16 from:-33.9 till:0 text:Pomolobus
color:oligocene bar:NAM17 from:-28.4 till:0 text:Sardina
color:miocene bar:NAM18 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Stolephorus
color:miocene bar:NAM19 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Anchoa
color:miocene bar:NAM20 from:-23.03 till:0 text: Ilisha
color:miocene bar:NAM21 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Sardinops
''Sardinops'' is a monotypic genus of sardines of the family Clupeidae. The only member of the genus is ''Sardinops sagax''. It is found in the Indo-Pacific and East Pacific oceans. Its length is up to . It has numerous common or vernacular names ...
color:miocene bar:NAM22 from:-15.97 till:0 text: Pseudohilsa
color:miocene bar:NAM23 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text:Alisea
''Alisea'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish
Osteichthyes (), popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse superclass of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. They can be contrasted with the Chondrich ...
color:miocene bar:NAM24 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text:Etringus
''Etringus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish
Osteichthyes (), popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse superclass of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. They can be contrasted with the Chondri ...
color:miocene bar:NAM25 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text:Ganoessus
''Ganoessus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish
Osteichthyes (), popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse superclass of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. They can be contrasted with the Chondr ...
color:miocene bar:NAM26 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text:Ganolytes
''Ganolytes'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish
Osteichthyes (), popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse superclass of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. They can be contrasted with the Chondr ...
color:miocene bar:NAM27 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text:Quisque
''Quisque'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric herring
Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family of Clupeidae.
Herring often move in large schools around fishing banks and near the coast, found particularly in shallow, temperat ...
color:miocene bar:NAM28 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Xyne
color:miocene bar:NAM29 from:-11.608 till:0 text: Engraulis
color:miocene bar:NAM30 from:-11.608 till:0 text: Sarmatella
color:pliocene bar:NAM31 from:-5.332 till:-2.588 text:Austroclupea
''Austroclupea'' is an extinct genus of freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Pliocene epoch. It contains a single species, ''A. zuninoi'' from Argentina. It was a relative of modern herring in the family Clupeidae.
It is one of t ...
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from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:Early
Early may refer to:
History
* The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.:
** Early Christianity
** Early modern Europe
Places in the United States
* Early, Iowa
* Early, Texas
* Early ...
from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:Middle
Middle or The Middle may refer to:
* Centre (geometry), the point equally distant from the outer limits.
Places
* Middle (sheading), a subdivision of the Isle of Man
* Middle Bay (disambiguation)
* Middle Brook (disambiguation)
* Middle Creek (d ...
from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text: Late
from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early
Early may refer to:
History
* The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.:
** Early Christianity
** Early modern Europe
Places in the United States
* Early, Iowa
* Early, Texas
* Early ...
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text: Late
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text: Paleo.
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text: Eo.
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text: Oligo.
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text: Mio.
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Pl.
PL, P.L., Pl, or .pl may refer to:
Businesses and organizations Government and political
* Partit Laburista, a Maltese political party
* Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006), a Brazilian political party
* Liberal Party (Moldova), a Moldovan political p ...
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pl.
PL, P.L., Pl, or .pl may refer to:
Businesses and organizations Government and political
* Partit Laburista, a Maltese political party
* Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006), a Brazilian political party
* Liberal Party (Moldova), a Moldovan political p ...
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H.
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from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...
from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
References
*
{{Authority control
Ray-finned fish orders
Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker