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Clumber and Hardwick is a
civil parish In England, a civil parish is a type of administrative parish used for local government. It is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government. Civil parishes can trace their origin to the ancient system of parishes, w ...
in the Bassetlaw district, in the county of
Nottinghamshire Nottinghamshire (; abbreviated ''Notts.'') is a ceremonial county in the East Midlands of England. The county is bordered by South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. Th ...
, England. The parish includes the settlement of
Hardwick Village Hardwick Village is a rural settlement located in the civil parish of Clumber and Hardwick, within the Bassetlaw district area of Nottinghamshire. It is within Clumber Park, part of a greater area known as The Dukeries. It consists of former lab ...
and
Clumber Park Clumber Park is a country park in The Dukeries near Worksop in the civil parish of Clumber and Hardwick, Nottinghamshire, England. The estate, which was the seat of the Earl of Lincoln, Pelham-Clintons, Dukes of Newcastle, was purchased by the Na ...
, a country park. In the UK census of 2021 the parish had a population of 66. The parish lies in the north west of the county, and south west within the district. It is 125 miles north west of
London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...
, 22 miles north of the city of
Nottingham Nottingham ( , East Midlands English, locally ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, city and Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire, East Midlands, England. It is located south-east of Sheffield and nor ...
, and 3½ miles south east of the nearest market town of
Worksop Worksop ( ) is a market town in the Bassetlaw District in Nottinghamshire, England. It is located south of Doncaster, south-east of Sheffield and north of Nottingham. Located close to Nottinghamshire's borders with South Yorkshire and Derbys ...
.The parish touches
Babworth Babworth is a village and civil parish in the Bassetlaw District, Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, England, about 2 miles west of Retford. According to the 2001 United Kingdom census, 2001 census the parish had a population of 1,329, risin ...
,
Carburton Carburton or Carberton is a small village on the west side of Clumber Park, Clumber within the Bassetlaw District, Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, England. It is primarily rural and residential. The church of Saint Giles is an unusual sha ...
, Elkesley, Perlethorpe cum Budby and
Welbeck Welbeck is a village and former civil parish (now in the parish of Norton, Cuckney, Holbeck and Welbeck) within the Welbeck local voting ward of Bassetlaw District Council, in Nottinghamshire, England. It is slightly to the south-west of Work ...
. The parish was formed on 1 April 1994. The area is within
Sherwood Forest Sherwood Forest is the remnants of an ancient royal forest, Royal Forest in Nottinghamshire, within the East Midlands region in England. It has association with the legend of Robin Hood. The forest was proclaimed by William the Conqueror and ...
and has close historical associations with the
Dukes of Newcastle Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne was a title that was created three times, once in the Peerage of England and twice in the Peerage of Great Britain. The first grant of the title was made in 1665 to William Cavendish, 1st Marquess of Newcastle u ...
, being part of a wider region known as
The Dukeries The Dukeries is an area of the county of Nottinghamshire so called because it contained four ducal seats. It is south of Worksop, which has been called its "gateway". The area was included within the ancient Sherwood Forest Sherwood Fo ...
. There are 26
listed building In the United Kingdom, a listed building is a structure of particular architectural or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Hi ...
s in Clumber and Hardwick.


Geography


Location

It is surrounded by the following local areas: *
Worksop Worksop ( ) is a market town in the Bassetlaw District in Nottinghamshire, England. It is located south of Doncaster, south-east of Sheffield and north of Nottingham. Located close to Nottinghamshire's borders with South Yorkshire and Derbys ...
to the north *
Perlethorpe Perlethorpe is a small estate village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Perlethorpe cum Budby, in the Newark and Sherwood district, in the county of Nottinghamshire, England. Nearby is Thoresby Hall, the former home of the Earl Manve ...
to the south *
Bothamsall Bothamsall is a village and civil parish in the Bassetlaw District, Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, England. According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 it had a population of 185, increasing (with the inclusion of Bevercotes and Haughto ...
and Elkesley to the east *
Carburton Carburton or Carberton is a small village on the west side of Clumber Park, Clumber within the Bassetlaw District, Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, England. It is primarily rural and residential. The church of Saint Giles is an unusual sha ...
and
Welbeck Welbeck is a village and former civil parish (now in the parish of Norton, Cuckney, Holbeck and Welbeck) within the Welbeck local voting ward of Bassetlaw District Council, in Nottinghamshire, England. It is slightly to the south-west of Work ...
to the west. The A614 Nottingham- Blyth road forms most of the east parish boundary. The park is primarily accessed by Limetree Avenue which branches from this main road and routes into Carburton, Apleyhead Lodge and arch at the north entrance of the avenue, is outside the boundary in Elkesley parish. The parish consists of Clumber Park which takes up a large majority of the area, the central visitor facilities surrounding the church and gardens, and Hardwick Village which is 1 mile to the north east: Much of the population of 66 people are in Hardwick with a few sparsely scattered cottages and residences throughout the remainder of the parish.


Clumber Park

Clumber Park is the main portion of the overall parish. The area was formerly a ducal estate of the Pelham-Clinton family, also known as the Dukes of Newcastle, and is now owned by the
National Trust The National Trust () is a heritage and nature conservation charity and membership organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Trust was founded in 1895 by Octavia Hill, Sir Robert Hunter and Hardwicke Rawnsley to "promote the ...
. It is listed Grade I on the
Register of Historic Parks and Gardens #REDIRECT Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England #REDIRECT Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England {{R from move ...
{{R from move ...
. The gardens and the estate are open to the public all year round. Due to being a visitor attraction, several facilities have developed around the former mansion area, reusing outlying auxiliary buildings.


Hardwick Village

This consists of former labourers' cottages and farms, including Hardwick Grange. The settlement was created by the landowners, the Dukes of Newcastle, in the later part of the 19th century to serve the park and estate of Clumber. It was designed on a
picturesque Picturesque is an aesthetic ideal introduced into English cultural debate in 1782 by William Gilpin in ''Observations on the River Wye, and Several Parts of South Wales, etc. Relative Chiefly to Picturesque Beauty; made in the Summer of the Year ...
, Neo-
Elizabethan The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603). Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history. The Roman symbol of Britannia (a female per ...
style, with an
asymmetrical Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry (the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection). Symmetry is an important property of both physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in pre ...
aspect designed to give the impression of a traditional village.


Landscape

As a country park, there are car parks and visitor facilities around the core estate area to the west of the lake. Predominantly, many of the parish residents are clustered around Hardwick village. Outside of these is a light scattering of farms, farmhouses, estate lodges and cottages amongst a wider mainly forested setting. There are some open fields in the east.


Water features

* The
River Poulter The River Poulter which rises near Scarcliffe in Derbyshire, England is a tributary river of the River Idle in Nottinghamshire. It supplied power to mills along its route, most of which are now gone, although their mill ponds remain. Cuckney m ...
runs through the parish, passing the Hardwick village and Clumber * Clumber Water is a lake formed from the river.


Land elevation

The parish is relatively low-lying. The land height ranges from alongside the Clumber Water lake, and rises towards the west to a height of .


Governance

Clumber and Hardwick although a parish, has no third tier council or
parish meeting A parish meeting is a meeting all the electors in a civil parish in England are entitled to attend. In some cases, where a parish or group of parishes has fewer than 200 electors, the parish meeting can take on the role of a parish council, with ...
. The area is managed at the first level of public administration by Bassetlaw District Council, and
Nottinghamshire County Council Nottinghamshire County Council is the upper-tier local authority for the non-metropolitan county of Nottinghamshire in England. The non-metropolitan county is smaller than the ceremonial county; the non-metropolitan county excludes the city of ...
at its highest tier for oversight of local services.


History


Toponymy

Clumber was Clunbre at the time of
Domesday Domesday Book ( ; the Middle English spelling of "Doomsday Book") is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 at the behest of William the Conqueror. The manuscript was originally known by ...
, and may have evolved from "a lump, a heavy clod of earth" or "a clump or patch of trees, plants.", referring to the state of the rough boggy ground that the area was composed of prior to the estate. Other derivatives include the elements of this name combining a stream-name, and probably the Celtic name for 'hill.' in this case the 'hill by the
Clowne Clowne is a town and civil parish in the Bolsover district of Derbyshire, England. The population was 7,590 at the 2011 Census and 7,755 at the 2021 Census. It lies north east of Chesterfield and south west of Worksop. History Etymology C ...
(river) but this is less likely. Hardwick was "herd-farm", but was not recorded in Domesday.


Hardwick

This was an ancient hamlet of Worksop parish, but was not reported in the Domesday Book. It formed part of one of the two manors said to have existed in Clumber before the
Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Normans, Norman, French people, French, Flemish people, Flemish, and Bretons, Breton troops, all led by the Du ...
. These came under the stewardship of
Roger de Busli Roger de Busli (c. 1038 – c. 1099) was a Anglo-Normans, Norman baron who participated in the Norman conquest of England, conquest of England in 1066. Life Roger de Busli was born in or around 1038. His surname comes from the town now known as B ...
, and not long after were sub-infeuded, or at least much the area, to the family of Lovetot, together with the manor of Worksop. Richard de Lovetot, the son of the founder of the Priory of Worksop,
William de Lovetot William de Lovetot, Lord of Hallamshire, possibly descended from the Norman Baron Ricardus Surdus,* (wikisource) was an Anglo-Norman Baron from Huntingdonshire, often credited as the founder of Sheffield, England. It is unknown when de Lovetot a ...
, by his charter confirmed the gifts of his father to that monastery, among other things, of "two bovates of land in Herthwik at Utware". A mill is noted in Domesday as pertaining to one of the manors at Clumber. Matilda de Lovetot, the heiress of the family, continued the grant of her ancestors with "the whole village of Herthwik." In the 14th century reign of Edward I, a charter of
free warren A free warren—often simply warren—is a type of Exclusive franchise or Privilege (legal ethics), privilege conveyed by a sovereign in medieval England to an English subject, promising to hold them harmless for killing game (hunting), g ...
was granted to the Priory. Nothing further appears to be known of Hardwick's history until the time of the Dissolution of Monasteries, during the reign of
Henry VIII Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is known for his Wives of Henry VIII, six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. ...
, when it is mentioned with property at
Osberton Scofton is a hamlet in the Bassetlaw district of northern Nottinghamshire, England. It is north west of London, north of the county town and city of Nottingham, and east of the nearest town Worksop. Having a shared modern history with nearby ...
, with which it was removed from their ownership, along with Clumber and Haughton, Hardwyk Graunge and Clumber Graunge. These two latter granges may have been the two old Saxon manors, and were granted to
Robert Dighton Robert Dighton (c.1752 – 1814) was an English portrait painter, printmaker, and caricaturist. He was the founder of a dynasty of artists who followed in his footsteps. Life and work Robert Dighton was the son of London printseller John Digh ...
, who shortly afterwards obtained a licence to transfer Hardwick Grange and woods, with all houses in Osberton and Hardwick, and Worksop, to Richard Whalley. Eventually it came into the hands of
William Holles Sir William Holles (or Hollis) (1471?– 20 October 1542) rose from apprenticeship to a mercer to become master warden of his company and Lord Mayor of London in 1539. Life He was admitted to the freedom of the Worshipful Company of Mercers on ...
, with it passing down to his eventual descendant
John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (9 January 1662 – 15 July 1711) was an English peer and politician. Early life Holles was born in Edwinstowe, Nottinghamshire, the son of the 3rd Earl of Clare and his wife Grace Pierrepont. Grace was a ...
, and formed a part of the estates of Haughton and Clumber. From here its history was shared with Clumber. The later Dukes, from a humane consideration for their labourers, many of whom lived at a distance, erected a group of cottages in the 1850s. A school was later built in 1880 and was in use until 1932.


Clumber House

White's Directory in 1853 describes the appearance of the area within the 18th century as follows: "About a hundred years ago, it was one of the wildest tracts of Sherwood Forest, being then little more than a black heath full of rabbits, having a narrow river running through it, with a small boggy close or two.". The area formed part of Sherwood Forest until 1707 when licence was given to the 1st Duke of Newcastle of nearby Welbeck Abbey to enclose it as a deer park for the queen's use. A ducal hunting lodge was subsequently built by the river.


The First Clumber House

The first house at Clumber was built by
Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle "The Return From Shooting" (1788) by Sir Francis Wheatley depicting The Duke of Newcastle, his friend Colonel Litchfield and the Duke's gamekeeper, Mansell along with four Clumber Spaniels. Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-u ...
, a distant relation of John Holles, in c.1760–70. The central core of the house was the original ducal hunting lodge. It was built around this with red brick, the architect being Stephen Wright. The house comprised this large central block with four wings. The large serpentine lake was created 1774–89, and beside it a Greek temple, and a three-arched stone bridge and cascade (1763). There was also built a Roman Doric seat alcove and a
grotto A grotto or grot is a natural or artificial cave or covered recess. Naturally occurring grottoes are often small caves near water that are usually flooded or often flooded at high tide. Sometimes, artificial grottoes are used as garden fea ...
(1765–67), along with a series of five gates designed by Wright. The longest double avenue of lime trees in Europe, created by the 5th Duke of Newcastle and extending for more than two miles, was planted in 1840 and named Limetree Avenue. In 1879 a fire burnt down much of the core of the house.


The Second Clumber House

The central part of the house was rebuilt (1879–80), to an
Italianate The Italianate style was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. Like Palladianism and Neoclassicism, the Italianate style combined its inspiration from the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century It ...
style by Charles Barry Jr. At the height of its extent in 1910, Clumber Park covered 3,400 acres and was eleven miles in circumference The lake covered 87 acres and 'had two vessels floating on it'. A further fire at the house happened in 1912. The estate deteriorated and in 1937 there was a series of sales which included the antique garden ornaments. The house was demolished in 1938 in anticipation of inheritance taxes, with the then heir The
Earl of Lincoln Earl of Lincoln is a title that has been created eight times in the peerage of England, most recently in 1572. The Hereditary peerage, earldom was held as a subsidiary title by the Duke of Newcastle, Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne, from 1768 to 1 ...
originally planning to build a new house at Clumber, however this was abandoned when the park was requisitioned by the Army during the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
and used as an ammunition dump and a test area for trench-digging machines.


Post WWII

The building material of Clumber House and many of the contents, including the library and rare
manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has ...
s, were sold to raise money. The grounds were also put up for sale and purchased by the National Trust in 1946. The sole surviving part of Barry's work is the 'Duke's Study' near the lake, with bay windows flanked by pilasters, which is now used as a café. Also surviving are the 18th and 19th century stables and the 18th century brick coach house with central pediment and cupola over the arch. The surviving park and outbuildings such as the chapel, kitchen garden, gates and bridge are intact and mainly are listed structures. The Clumber and Hardwick locations until 1974 were a part of Worksop ancient parish, which was abolished and became a part of the newly formed Bassetlaw district
unparished area In England, an unparished area is an area that is not covered by a civil parish (the lowest level of local government, not to be confused with an ecclesiastical parish). Most urbanised districts of England are either entirely or partly unparis ...
. In 1994, Clumber and Hardwick was established as a standalone parish.


Economy

Clumber Park is presently run as a non-profit visitor attraction by the National Trust, utilising the auxiliary buildings from the estate. As landowner, they also run Hardwick Village as a commercial entity. Amenities surrounding the former Clumber House area include: * Chapel * Woodland Play Area * Cycle Hub * Discovery Centre * Garden Tea House * Central Bark Cafe * Pleasure Grounds * Walled Kitchen Garden There is a campsite north of Limetree Avenue. Hardwick Village is primarily a working agricultural area with several tenanted residential buildings. It offers some visitor facilities.


Landmarks

The long distance
Robin Hood Way The Robin Hood Way is a waymarked long-distance footpath in the Midlands of England. Length The Robin Hood Way runs for . Route The Robin Hood Way commemorates the famous folklore figure Robin Hood and starts from Nottingham Castle running ...
path runs past both the core visitor area and Hardwick village. Route 6 of the
National Cycle Network The National Cycle Network (NCN) was established to encourage cycling and walking throughout the United Kingdom, as well as for the purposes of bicycle touring. It was created by the charity Sustrans who were aided by a £42.5 million N ...
passes through the park linking it to
Sherwood Forest Sherwood Forest is the remnants of an ancient royal forest, Royal Forest in Nottinghamshire, within the East Midlands region in England. It has association with the legend of Robin Hood. The forest was proclaimed by William the Conqueror and ...
and Sherwood Pines.


Listed park

Clumber Park is registered as Grade I on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.


Listed buildings and locations

Over 20 buildings and structures throughout the parish are listed as features of historical interest, including: * St Mary's Church (Grade I) *Clumber Bridge (Grade II*) * Several small structures such as gates and miniature temples at Grade II* *Hardwick War Memorial (Grade II)


Religious sites

There is one church in the core visitor area, the
Church of England parish church A parish church in the Church of England is the church which acts as the religious centre for the people within each Church of England parish (the smallest and most basic Church of England administrative unit; since the 19th century sometimes ...
of
St Mary Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother of Jesus. She is an important figure of Christianity, venerated under various titles such as virgin or queen, many of them mentioned in the Litany of Loreto. ...
the Virgin. It was built in the late 19th century for the Duke and estate.


Sport

There is a cricket ground and local club based near the Clumber House area.


References


External sites


Clumber and Hardwick video journal

National Trust site - Clumber Park
{{Nottinghamshire Civil parishes in Nottinghamshire Bassetlaw District The Dukeries