Clozapine N-oxide
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Clozapine ''N''-oxide (CNO) is a synthetic
drug A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via insufflation (medicine), inhalation, drug i ...
used mainly in
biomedical research Medical research (or biomedical research), also known as health research, refers to the process of using scientific methods with the aim to produce knowledge about human diseases, the prevention and treatment of illness, and the promotion of ...
as a
ligand In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding with the metal generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's el ...
to activate Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs), despite the initial belief that it was biologically inert. However, it has been shown to not enter the brain after administration and to reverse metabolize in peripheral tissues to form clozapine. Clozapine can bind to a number of different serotonergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic receptors within the brain. These off-target effects mean behavioral data using the CNO-DREADD system have to be interpreted with caution. Alternatives to CNO with more affinity, more inert character, and faster kinetics include Compound 21 (C21) and deschloroclozapine (DCZ).


References

{{reflist Neuroscience Pharmacology