The province of

Sindh Sindh ( ; ; , ; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind (caliphal province), Sind or Scinde) is a Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Pakistan. Located in the Geography of Pakistan, southeastern region of the country, Sindh is t ...

is situated in a

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

region, with

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones immediately to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Ge ...

regions in the northern sections; it is hot, humid and very rainy in the summer and cold and dry in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of occurs during December and January. The annual

rainfall Rain is a form of precipitation where water droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. ...

averages about nearly , falling mainly during June and September. The southwesterly

monsoon A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in Atmosphere of Earth, atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annu ...

wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January. Sindh lies between the two

s — the southwest monsoon from the

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia (continent), ...

and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the

Himalayan mountains The Himalayas, or Himalaya ( ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. More than 100 peak ...

— and escapes the influence of both. The average rainfall in Sindh is per year. The region's relative scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season. These natural patterns have recently changed somewhat with the construction of dams and barrages on the

Indus River The Indus ( ) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayas, Himalayan river of South Asia, South and Central Asia. The river rises in mountain springs northeast of Mount Kailash in the Western Tibet region of China, flows northw ...

. Parts of southeastern Sindh receive rainfall of up to and some cities have received very heavy rainfall on occasion. In 2005, Hyderabad received in just 11 hours. In Padidan a record rainfall of 1,722 millimeters was recorded in the monsoon season of 2022 which was also part of the massive 2022 Pakistan floods and appears on the

List of extreme weather records in Pakistan Extreme weather in Pakistan includes everything from heavy rainfall and flooding to extremely low or extremely high temperatures. Pakistan has one of the highest temperature ranges in the world (temperature range refers to the difference bet ...

. Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on

Jacobabad Jacobabad, also known as Khanger, is a city in Sindh, Pakistan, serving as both the capital city of Jacobabad District and the administrative centre of Jacobabad Taluka, an administrative subdivision of the district. The city itself is subd ...

), Wicholo (the middle region, centred on

Hyderabad Hyderabad is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River (India), Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of , much ...

), and Lar (the lower region, centred on

Karachi Karachi is the capital city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, largest city in Pakistan and 12th List of largest cities, largest in the world, with a popul ...

). The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. The highest temperature ever recorded in Sindh was , which was recorded in

Mohenjo-daro Mohenjo-daro (; , ; ) is an archaeological site in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. Built 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, and one of the world's earliest major city, cities, contemp ...

on 26 May 2010. It was not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded in the continent of

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

and the fourth highest temperature ever recorded on earth. The previous record for Sindh and

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

, and for all of Asia, had been , reached on 12 June 1919. In the winters, frost is common. Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature typically reaches . Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about . In the Kirthar range at and higher at

Gorakh Hill Gorakh Hill (; Urdu: گورکھ ہل) is a hill station of Sindh, Pakistan. It is situated at an elevation of in the Kirthar Mountains, northwest of Dadu city. Tourism The Gorakh hill station is situated from Karachi and nearly 8 hours' ...

and other peaks in

Dadu District Dadu District (), () is a Districts of Pakistan, district of Sindh, Sindh Province, Pakistan. With headquarters in the city of Dadu, Pakistan, Dadu, the district was created in 1931 by merging Kotri and Mahal Kohistan (later Jamshoro) tehsils fro ...

, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief

snow Snow consists of individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes. It consists of frozen crystalline water througho ...

fall is received in the winters. In Gorakh temperatures in winter nights can sour down to -15. The highest temperatures each year in Pakistan, typically rising to above , are usually recorded in Shaheed Benazeerabad District (previously called Nawabshah District) and Sibbi from May to August. Sometimes the temperature falls to ; on rare occasions (once every 25 years or so) it has fallen to below in December or January. Summer(May-September)is extremely hot in the upper parts while it is hot in the central parts and mild near the coast.The Monsoon season also occurs in the summer from late june till late september. Winters(Late November-Early March) are cool and foggy in the upper parts while they get milder the near you go to the coast. Spring(Mid March-Late April) is short but can cause some rainfall because of western depressions. Autumn(October-Mid November) is the shortest season and is completely dry with almost no rainfall.

Weather change

Monsoon

The monsoon season occurs in Sindh from late June to September. While days are hot and nights are cool in the start to mid of September and it's called "Thadhri" locally in Sindhi culture. Thadhri (the cool festival) is celebrated in the month of Savan (monsoon probably in late August and early September) every year on the seventh day of the waning of the moon. Thadhri festival is celebrated as joy for the end of summer season. In the Thadhri season Sindh receive air from all four sides,i.e. north, south,east and west and it's called Chumasi Hawa.

Rainfall

Sindh receives about 13 inches (~350mm) of rain annually, mostly the rainfall occurs in June and September. However, in the last 20 years, rainfall has increased and is projected to reach an average of above 500mm by the end of the century.

Tropical storms

Tropical storms usually form in Sindh from late April to June and again from late September to November.

Awareness Against Climate Change by Sindhis

Lahooti Melo

Every year, Lahot and his team bring forth the Lahooti Melo in Sindh. In every year, Lahooti Team arranges various themes. A climate change awareness theme was organized by Lahooti Melo in 2020. Different sessions and panel discussions were held on the stage according to the them
Lahooti Melo 5 gearing up to talk about climate change
https://tribune.com.pk/story/2017562/lahooti-melo-2020-talk-climate-change Lahooti Melo 2020 to talk about climate change]

Sindh Literature Festival

Sindh Literature Festival Sindh Literature Festival or Sindh Adabi Melo () is an annual two-day festival that aims to promote and preserve the heritage of Indus while bring up social change through the celebration of indigenous languages, arts, history, education, archa ...

is first and largest literary festival organised by Naseer Gopang and Zohaib Kaka. The SLF event is a celebration of the potency of language, cultural diversity, music, and the values of harmony and acceptance. Its goal is to showcase the dynamic and lively cultures and customs of Sindh, which present an array of experiences unique to the region. Moreover, the event seeks to create a platform where both established and budding writers can interact with their followers and attract new admirers. Over the course of three days, the event is dedicated to commemorating the literary and cultural heritage of the province. In 2023, Sindh Literature Festival team has announced its theme regarding Climate Change under the name of "Aalam Sabh Aabad Kareen". That name is captured from

Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (; 1689/1690 – 21 December 1752), commonly known by the honorifics ''Lakhino Latif'', ''Latif Ghot'', ''Bhittai'', and ''Bhit Jo Shah'', was a Sindhi Sufi mystic and poet from Pakistan, widely considered to be the ...

Poetry.

References

{{reflist

External links

Pakistan Meteorological Department

Regional Met Center for Sindh
Environment of Sindh