Description
The following description is based on the one by Yuan List of Latin phrases: E#et alii, et alii (2010) and applies to only the monophyletic Circumscription (taxonomy), circumscription of ''Clerodendrum''. ''Clerodendrum'' is a genus of small trees, shrubs, lianas, and Subshrub, subherbaceous Perennial plant, perennials. Leaf, Leaves Phyllotaxis, decussate or Leaf#Arrangement on the stem, whorled, never Thorns, spines, and prickles, spiny as in some close relatives. Inflorescence usually Glossary of botanical terms#T, terminal. Sepals usually Connation, connate, often colored, usually Glossary of botanical terms#A, accrescent. corolla (flower), Corolla red to yellow, pink, or white. Corolla tube 5-lobed, the lobes usually unequal. Stamens 4 (rarely 5), usually in 2 pairs of unequal length and projecting well beyond the mouth of the corolla. Ovary (plants), Ovary incompletely 4-Locule, locular. Ovules 4. style (botany), Style terminal on the ovary, Glossary of botanical terms#B, bifid. Fruit a drupe, usually with 4 grooves or lobes, 4-seeded (rarely 2-seeded by abortion).Pollination
''Clerodendrum'' and its relatives have an unusual pollination syndrome which avoids self-pollination. This mating system combines dichogamy and herkogamy. The flowers are protandrous. When the flower opens, the stamens stand erect, parallel to the central axis of the flower, while the style (botany), style bends over, holding the stigma (botany), stigma beyond the rim of the corolla. After the pollen is shed, the stamens curl up or bend over, and the style straightens out, bringing the stigma to the center of the flower. Except for ''Aegiphila'', which is heterostylous, this Reproduction#Reproductive strategies, breeding strategy is shared by all members of the clade consisting of ''Kalaharia (plant), Kalaharia'', ''Clerodendrum'', ''Volkameria'', ''Aegiphila'', ''Ovieda'', ''Tetraclea'', and ''Amasonia''.History
''Clerodendrum'' was Botanical name, named by Carl Linnaeus, Linnaeus in ''Species Plantarum'' in 1753.''Clerodendrum'' page 637. In: Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. ''Species Plantarum'' volume 2. Laurentii Salvii. (see ''External Links'' below). The name is derived from two Ancient Greek, Greek words, ''kleros'', meaning "chance or fate" or "clergy", and ''dendron'', "a tree".Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume I, page 559. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, US. London, UK. (set). It refers to the considerable variation in reports of the usefulness of ''Clerodendrum'' in medicine, and also to the fact the trees were used for religious purposes in Asia. Regional revisions of ''Clerodendrum'' have been done for local Floristics, floras, but the last monograph of the entire genus was by John Isaac Briquet in 1895.John Isaac Briquet. 1895. "''Clerodendrum''" pages 174-176. In: "Verbenaceae" pages 132-182. In: ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' volume IV, part 3a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany. He recognized about 90 species, defining the genus broadly to include species that others had placed in ''Rotheca'', ''Volkameria'', and ''Ovieda''. His Circumscription (taxonomy), circumscription was followed by most authors for the next 100 years, even though it was widely believed to be problematic. In 1997,Traditional medicinal use
''Clerodendrum glandulosum''. Coleb leaf aqueous extract is traditionally used by people of North-East India to alleviate symptoms of diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Among the Hmars, Hmar and Zomi tribes in the North East India Anphui(Clerodendrum) is also being used as a dish/curry.Anphui Dish from Biaki's Kitchen- https://m.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=699621273413089&id=440688782639674&set=a.440710989304120.111092.440688782639674Systematics
''Clerodendrum'' is strongly Resampling (statistics), supported as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. It consists of two clades, each of which receives strong Bootstrapping (statistics), bootstrap support. One clade contains mostly African species. The other is mostly Asian. The African and Asian groups can not confidently be divided into Section (botany), sections without more extensive Sample (material), sampling of Taxon, taxa in phylogenetic studies. The Madagascar, Madagascan species, in particular, are poorly studied. It appears that the long, narrow corolla tube Introduction to Evolution, evolved only once in ''Clerodendrum'', and appeared again, among its relatives, in ''Ovieda''.Species
Plants of the World Online recognises 240 species within this genus, as follows: *''Clerodendrum abilioi'' *''Clerodendrum adenocalyx'' *''Clerodendrum adenophysum'' *''Clerodendrum africanum'' *''Clerodendrum albiflos'' *''Clerodendrum alboviolaceum'' *''Clerodendrum andamanense'' *''Clerodendrum angustipetalum'' *''Clerodendrum anomalum'' *''Clerodendrum apayaoense'' *''Clerodendrum arenarium'' *''Clerodendrum atlanticum'' *''Clerodendrum aucubifolium'' *''Clerodendrum barba-felis'' *''Clerodendrum baronianum'' *''Clerodendrum baumii'' *''Clerodendrum bellum'' *''Clerodendrum bipindense'' *''Clerodendrum boivinii'' *''Clerodendrum bosseri'' *''Clerodendrum brachyanthum'' *''Clerodendrum brachystemon'' *''Clerodendrum bracteatum'' *''Clerodendrum brassii'' *''Clerodendrum brunfelsiiflorum'' *''Clerodendrum brunnescens'' *''Clerodendrum brunsvigioides'' *''Clerodendrum buchananii'' *''Clerodendrum buchneri'' *''Clerodendrum buettneri'' *''Clerodendrum bungei'' *''Clerodendrum calamitosum'' *''Clerodendrum canescens'' *''Clerodendrum capitatum'' *''Clerodendrum caryopteroides'' *''Clerodendrum cauliflorum'' *''Clerodendrum cecil-fischeri'' *''Clerodendrum cephalanthum'' *''Clerodendrum chamaeriphes'' *''Clerodendrum chartaceum'' *''Clerodendrum chinense'' *''Clerodendrum chlorisepalum'' *''Clerodendrum cochinchinense'' *''Clerodendrum colebrookeanum'' *''Clerodendrum comans'' *''Clerodendrum confine'' *''Clerodendrum costatum'' *''Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum'' *''Clerodendrum dauphinense'' *''Clerodendrum decaryi'' *''Clerodendrum deflexum'' *''Clerodendrum dembianense'' *''Clerodendrum densiflorum'' *''Clerodendrum dependens'' *''Clerodendrum dewittei'' *''Clerodendrum dinklagei'' *''Clerodendrum disparifolium'' *''Clerodendrum dusenii'' *''Clerodendrum ekmanii'' *''Clerodendrum elbertii'' *''Clerodendrum elliotii'' *''Clerodendrum emirnense'' *''Clerodendrum ervatamioides'' *''Clerodendrum eucalycinum'' *''Clerodendrum eupatorioides'' *''Clerodendrum excavatum'' *''Clerodendrum farafanganense'' *''Clerodendrum fasciculatum'' *''Clerodendrum filipes'' *''Clerodendrum finetii'' *''Clerodendrum fistulosum'' *''Clerodendrum floribundum'' *''Clerodendrum formicarum'' *''Clerodendrum fortunatum'' *''Clerodendrum frutectorum'' *''Clerodendrum fugitans'' *''Clerodendrum fuscum'' *''Clerodendrum galeatum'' *''Clerodendrum garrettianum'' *''Clerodendrum gaudichaudii'' *''Clerodendrum geoffrayi'' *''Clerodendrum gibbosum'' *''Clerodendrum giganteum'' *''Clerodendrum globosum'' *''Clerodendrum godefroyi'' *''Clerodendrum grayi'' *''Clerodendrum grevei'' *''Clerodendrum griffithianum'' *''Clerodendrum haematolasium'' *''Clerodendrum hahnianum'' *''Clerodendrum hainanense'' *''Clerodendrum harmandianum'' *''Clerodendrum hastatum'' *''Clerodendrum hendersonii'' *''Clerodendrum hettae'' *''Clerodendrum hexangulatum'' *''Clerodendrum hildebrandtii'' *''Clerodendrum hircinum'' *''Clerodendrum hiulcum'' *''Clerodendrum humbertii'' *''Clerodendrum inaequipetiolatum'' *''Clerodendrum indicum'' *''Clerodendrum infortunatum'' *''Clerodendrum insolitum'' *''Clerodendrum intermedium'' *''Clerodendrum involucratum'' *''Clerodendrum izuinsulare'' *''Clerodendrum japonicum'' *''Clerodendrum johnstonii'' *''Clerodendrum johorense'' *''Clerodendrum kaichianum'' *''Clerodendrum kamhyoae'' *''Clerodendrum kampotense'' *''Clerodendrum kauderni'' *''Clerodendrum kiangsiense'' *''Clerodendrum kinabaluense'' *''Clerodendrum klemmei'' *''Clerodendrum kwangtungense'' *''Clerodendrum laciniatum'' *''Clerodendrum laevifolium'' *''Clerodendrum lanceoliferum'' *''Clerodendrum lanessanii'' *''Clerodendrum lankawiense'' *''Clerodendrum lanuginosum'' *''Clerodendrum lastellei'' *''Clerodendrum laxiflorum'' *''Clerodendrum lecomtei'' *''Clerodendrum leucobotrys'' *''Clerodendrum leucophloeum'' *''Clerodendrum lindleyi'' *''Clerodendrum lloydianum'' *''Clerodendrum longiflorum'' *''Clerodendrum longisepalum'' *''Clerodendrum lutambense'' *''Clerodendrum luteopunctatum'' *''Clerodendrum macrocalycinum'' *''Clerodendrum macrostegium'' *''Clerodendrum madagascariense'' *''Clerodendrum magnificum'' *''Clerodendrum magnoliifolium'' *''Clerodendrum mananjariense'' *''Clerodendrum mandarinorum'' *''Clerodendrum mandrarense'' *''Clerodendrum manombense'' *''Clerodendrum melanocrater'' *''Clerodendrum micans'' *''Clerodendrum mildbraedii'' *''Clerodendrum minahassae'' *''Clerodendrum mindorense'' *''Clerodendrum moramangense'' *''Clerodendrum morigono'' *''Clerodendrum multibracteatum'' *''Clerodendrum myrianthum'' *''Clerodendrum myrmecophilum'' *''Clerodendrum myrtifolium'' *''Clerodendrum nhatrangense'' *''Clerodendrum nicolsonii'' *''Clerodendrum nutans'' *''Clerodendrum ohwii'' *''Clerodendrum palmatolobatum'' *''Clerodendrum paniculatum'' *''Clerodendrum parvitubulatum'' *''Clerodendrum parvulum'' *''Clerodendrum paucidentatum'' *''Clerodendrum pauciflorum'' *''Clerodendrum peii'' *''Clerodendrum peregrinum'' *''Clerodendrum perrieri'' *''Clerodendrum petasites'' *''Clerodendrum petunioides'' *''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' *''Clerodendrum phyllomega'' *''Clerodendrum pierreanum'' *''Clerodendrum pleiosciadium'' *''Clerodendrum poggei'' *''Clerodendrum polyanthum'' *''Clerodendrum polycephalum'' *''Clerodendrum porphyrocalyx'' *''Clerodendrum praetervisa'' *''Clerodendrum premnoides'' *''Clerodendrum preslii'' *''Clerodendrum pubiflorum'' *''Clerodendrum putre'' *''Clerodendrum pygmaeum'' *''Clerodendrum pynaertii'' *''Clerodendrum pyrifolium'' *''Clerodendrum quadriloculare'' *''Clerodendrum ramosissimum'' *''Clerodendrum revolutum'' *''Clerodendrum ridleyi'' *''Clerodendrum robecchii'' *''Clerodendrum robustum'' *''Clerodendrum roseiflorum'' *''Clerodendrum rotundifolium'' *''Clerodendrum rubellum'' *''Clerodendrum rumphianum'' *''Clerodendrum sakaleonense'' *''Clerodendrum sarawakanum'' *''Clerodendrum sassandrense'' *''Clerodendrum sayapense'' *''Clerodendrum schmidtii'' *''Clerodendrum schweinfurthii'' *''Clerodendrum silvanum'' *''Clerodendrum singwanum'' *''Clerodendrum sinuatum'' *''Clerodendrum smitinandii'' *''Clerodendrum speciosissimum'' *''Clerodendrum splendens'' *''Clerodendrum subpeltatum'' *''Clerodendrum subtruncatum'' *''Clerodendrum sylvae'' *''Clerodendrum sylvestre'' *''Clerodendrum tanganyikense'' *''Clerodendrum tatei'' *''Clerodendrum ternatum'' *''Clerodendrum thomsoniae'' *''Clerodendrum thouarsii'' *''Clerodendrum thyrsoideum'' *''Clerodendrum tibetanum'' *''Clerodendrum tomentellum'' *''Clerodendrum tomentosum'' *''Clerodendrum tonkinense'' *''Clerodendrum toxicarium'' *''Clerodendrum tracyanum'' *''Clerodendrum trichanthum'' *''Clerodendrum tricholobum'' *''Clerodendrum trichotomum'' *''Clerodendrum triflorum'' *''Clerodendrum tubulosum'' *''Clerodendrum umbellatum'' *''Clerodendrum umbratile'' *''Clerodendrum urticifolium'' *''Clerodendrum villosicalyx'' *''Clerodendrum villosum'' *''Clerodendrum vinosum'' *''Clerodendrum volubile'' *''Clerodendrum wallii'' *''Clerodendrum welwitschii'' *''Clerodendrum williamsii'' *''Clerodendrum yunnanense''Formerly placed here
*''Pseudocaryopteris foetida'' (D.Don) P.D.Cantino (as ''C. foetidum'' D.Don) *''Rotheca incisa'' (Klotzsch) Steane & Mabb. (as ''C. incisum'' Klotzsch or ''C. macrosiphon'' Hook.f.) *''Rotheca myricoides'' (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. (as ''C. myricoides'' (Hochst.) Vatke or ''C. ugandense'' Prain) *''Rotheca serrata'' (L.) Steane & Mabb. (as ''C. serratum'' (L.) Moon) *''Volkameria aculeata'' L. (as ''C. aculeatum'' (L.) Schltdl.) *''Volkameria glabra'' (E.Mey.) Mabb. & Y.W.Yuan (as ''C. glabrum'' E.Mey.) *''Volkameria inermis'' L. (as ''C. inerme'' (L.) Gaertn.) *''Volkameria ligustrina'' Jacq. (as ''C. ligustrinum'' (Jacq.) R.Br.)Gallery
References
External links