''Clerodendrum'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s formerly placed in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Verbenaceae, but now considered to belong to the Lamiaceae (mint) family. Its

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often con ...

s include glorybower, bagflower, pagoda flower and bleeding-heart. It is currently classified in the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

Ajugoideae, being one of several genera transferred from Verbenaceae to Lamiaceae in the 1990s, based on

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

analysis of morphological and molecular

data Data ( , ) are a collection of discrete or continuous values that convey information, describing the quantity, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of symbols that may be further interpreted for ...

. The

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

for the genus is '' Clerodendrum infortunatum''.''Clerodendrum'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see ''External links'' below). It is native to

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

and the Andaman Islands.Anthony J. Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (editors). 1992. ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening.'' The Macmillan Press Limited, London; The Stockton Press, New York. The genus is native to

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

and warm

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ran ...

regions of the world, with most of the species occurring in tropical Africa and southern Asia, but with a few in the tropical Americas and northern Australasia, and a few extending north into the temperate zone in eastern Asia.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. They are

shrub A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple ...

s, lianas, and small

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, e.g., including only woody plants with secondary growth, only ...

s, usually growing to tall, with opposite or whorled

leaves A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, ...

. '' C. floribundum'' can grow to tall. '' Clerodendrum fistulosum'' and '' Clerodendrum myrmecophila'' have hollow stems that are inhabited by ants. '' Clerodendrum trichotomum'' is a common ornamental in warmer parts of the world. Eight other species are also grown in the tropics for their abundant and attractive flowers.George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu (2005) One of these, '' Clerodendrum macrostegium'', suckers abundantly from the

root In vascular plants, the roots are the plant organ, organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. They are most often bel ...

s, often producing a thicket within a few years. The following species are cultivated in the UK: * ''C. chinense'' * ''C. splendens'' * ''C. thomsoniae'' * ''C. trichotomum'' ''Clerodendrum'' species are used as food plants by the

larva A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...

e of some

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...

species including '' Endoclita malabaricus'' and '' Endoclita sericeus.'' Both butterflies and hummingbirds are often attracted to blooming clerodendrum.

Description

The following description is based on the one by Yuan et alii (2010) and applies to only the

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

circumscription of ''Clerodendrum''. ''Clerodendrum'' is a genus of small

s, lianas, and subherbaceous perennials.

Leaves A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, ...

decussate or whorled, never spiny as in some close relatives.

Inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...

usually terminal.

Sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 Etymology The term ''sepalum'' ...

s usually connate, often colored, usually accrescent. Corolla red to yellow, pink, or white. Corolla tube 5-lobed, the lobes usually unequal.

Stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...

s 4 (rarely 5), usually in 2 pairs of unequal length and projecting well beyond the mouth of the corolla.

Ovary The ovary () is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/ oviduct into the uterus. There is an ovary on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries are end ...

incompletely 4- locular.

Ovule In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the ''integument'', forming its outer layer, the ''nucellus'' (or remnant of the sporangium, megasporangium), ...

s 4.

Style Style, or styles may refer to: Film and television * ''Style'' (2001 film), a Hindi film starring Sharman Joshi, Riya Sen, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal * ''Style'' (2002 film), a Tamil drama film * ''Style'' (2004 film), a Burmese film * '' ...

terminal on the ovary, bifid.

Fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...

drupe In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the ''pip'' (UK), ''pit'' (US), ''stone'', or ''pyrena'') of hardened endocarp with a seed ...

, usually with 4 grooves or lobes, 4-

seed In botany, a seed is a plant structure containing an embryo and stored nutrients in a protective coat called a ''testa''. More generally, the term "seed" means anything that can be Sowing, sown, which may include seed and husk or tuber. Seeds ...

ed (rarely 2-seeded by abortion).

Pollination

''Clerodendrum'' and its relatives have an unusual

pollination syndrome Pollination syndromes are suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different Pollination, pollen vectors, which can be abiotic (wind and water) or biotic, such as birds, bees, flies, and so forth thro ...

which avoids self-pollination. This mating system combines dichogamy and herkogamy. The flowers are protandrous. When the flower opens, the stamens stand erect, parallel to the central axis of the flower, while the

style Style, or styles may refer to: Film and television * ''Style'' (2001 film), a Hindi film starring Sharman Joshi, Riya Sen, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal * ''Style'' (2002 film), a Tamil drama film * ''Style'' (2004 film), a Burmese film * '' ...

bends over, holding the stigma beyond the rim of the corolla. After the

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by most types of flowers of seed plants for the purpose of sexual reproduction. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced Gametophyte#Heterospory, microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm ...

is shed, the stamens curl up or bend over, and the style straightens out, bringing the stigma to the center of the flower. Except for '' Aegiphila'', which is heterostylous, this breeding strategy is shared by all members of the

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

consisting of '' Kalaharia'', ''Clerodendrum'', '' Volkameria'', '' Aegiphila'', '' Ovieda'', '' Tetraclea'', and '' Amasonia''.

History

''Clerodendrum'' was named by

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

in ''

Species Plantarum ' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genus, genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature ...

'' in 1753.''Clerodendrum'' page 637. In: Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. ''Species Plantarum'' volume 2. Laurentii Salvii. (see ''External Links'' below). The name is derived from two Greek words, ''kleros'', meaning "chance or fate" or "clergy", and ''dendron'', "a tree".Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume I, page 559. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, US. London, UK. (set). It refers to the considerable variation in reports of the usefulness of ''Clerodendrum'' in medicine, and also to the fact the trees were used for religious purposes in Asia. Regional revisions of ''Clerodendrum'' have been done for local floras, but the last

monograph A monograph is generally a long-form work on one (usually scholarly) subject, or one aspect of a subject, typically created by a single author or artist (or, sometimes, by two or more authors). Traditionally it is in written form and published a ...

of the entire genus was by John Isaac Briquet in 1895.John Isaac Briquet. 1895. "''Clerodendrum''" pages 174-176. In: "Verbenaceae" pages 132-182. In: ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' volume IV, part 3a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany. He recognized about 90 species, defining the genus broadly to include species that others had placed in '' Rotheca'', '' Volkameria'', and '' Ovieda''. His circumscription was followed by most authors for the next 100 years, even though it was widely believed to be problematic. In 1997,

analysis of DNA data showed that ''Clerodendrum'', as then understood, was

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

. This situation was remedied in 1998 with the revival of ''Rotheca''. This taxonomic change was based on previous work and on a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study that was not published until the following year. In 2004, a study of DNA sequences showed that the monospecific Australian genus ''Huxleya'' was embedded in a clade of ''Clerodendrum'' species that had formerly been placed in '' Volkameria''. ''Huxleya'' was then sunk into synonymy with ''Clerodendrum''. The 2004 study sampled '' Aegiphila'', '' Tetraclea'', and '' Amasonia'', three

New World The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas, and sometimes Oceania."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: ...

genera of Ajugoideae that had not previously been sampled for DNA. The results of this study cast doubt, once again, upon the monophyly of ''Clerodendrum''. In 2010, a study of four

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle, organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant cell, plant and algae, algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which captur ...

DNA intergenic spacers showed that part of ''Clerodendrum'' was closer to the New world genera than to other ''Clerodendrum'', and that one species of ''Clerodendrum'' was nested within the clade of New World genera. The authors of this study resurrected the genus ''Volkameria'' and assigned to it about 30 species that had been in ''Clerodendrum''. They also resurrected ''Ovieda'' as a

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ...

genus consisting of '' Ovieda spinosa''. ''Volkameria'' and ''Ovieda'' had been erected by

in 1753. Modern

cladistic Cladistics ( ; from Ancient Greek 'branch') is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is ...

analysis has largely vindicated his concepts of ''Clerodendrum'' and its relatives.

Traditional medicinal use

'' Clerodendrum glandulosum''. Coleb leaf aqueous extract is traditionally used by people of North-East India to alleviate symptoms of diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Among the Hmar and Zomi tribes in the North East India Anphui(Clerodendrum) is also being used as a dish/curry.Anphui Dish from Biaki's Kitchen- https://m.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=699621273413089&id=440688782639674&set=a.440710989304120.111092.440688782639674

Systematics

''Clerodendrum'' is strongly supported as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. It consists of two clades, each of which receives strong bootstrap support. One clade contains mostly African species. The other is mostly Asian. The African and Asian groups can not confidently be divided into sections without more extensive sampling of taxa in phylogenetic studies. The Madagascan species, in particular, are poorly studied. It appears that the long, narrow corolla tube evolved only once in ''Clerodendrum'', and appeared again, among its relatives, in ''Ovieda''.

Species

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...

Formerly placed here

*'' Pseudocaryopteris foetida'' (D.Don) P.D.Cantino (as ''C. foetidum'' D.Don) *'' Rotheca incisa'' (Klotzsch) Steane & Mabb. (as ''C. incisum'' Klotzsch or ''C. macrosiphon'' Hook.f.) *'' Rotheca myricoides'' (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. (as ''C. myricoides'' (Hochst.) Vatke or ''C. ugandense'' Prain) *'' Rotheca serrata'' (L.) Steane & Mabb. (as ''C. serratum'' (L.) Moon) *'' Volkameria aculeata'' L. (as ''C. aculeatum'' (L.) Schltdl.) *'' Volkameria glabra'' (E.Mey.) Mabb. & Y.W.Yuan (as ''C. glabrum'' E.Mey.) *'' Volkameria inermis'' L. (as ''C. inerme'' (L.) Gaertn.) *'' Volkameria ligustrina'' Jacq. (as ''C. ligustrinum'' (Jacq.) R.Br.)

Gallery

File:Clerodendrum paniculatum (spike).jpg, '' Clerodendrum paniculatum'' File:Clerodendrum floribundum fruit.jpg, ''C. floribundum'' fruit and foliage, coastal Central Queensland File:Clerodendrum floribundum tree.jpg, ''C. floribundum'' tree, coastal Central Queensland File:Common Rose (Pachliopta aristolochiae) on Clerodendrum viscosum at Samsing, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 6271.jpg, Common Rose '' Pachliopta aristolochiae'' on '' Clerodendrum viscosum'' at Samsing in Darjeeling district of

West Bengal West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

. File:Clerodendrum thomsoniae in India.jpg, Bleeding heart at Wayanad,Kerala File:Glorybower Flower.jpg, Glorybower Flower in

Bangalore Bengaluru, also known as Bangalore (List of renamed places in India#Karnataka, its official name until 1 November 2014), is the Capital city, capital and largest city of the southern States and union territories of India, Indian state of Kar ...

, India