Classics Illustrated

''Classics Illustrated'' is an American comic book/magazine series featuring adaptations of literary classics such as '' Les Misérables'', ''Moby-Dick'', ''Hamlet'', and '' The Iliad''. Created by Albert Kanter, the series began publication in 1941 and finished its first run in 1969, producing 169 issues. Following the series' demise, various companies reprinted its titles. Since then, the "Classics Illustrated" brand has been used to create new comic book adaptations. This series is different from the Great Illustrated Classics, which is an adaptation of the classics for young readers that includes illustrations, but is not in the comic book form.

1941–1971: Elliot / Gilberton

Recognizing the appeal of early comic books, Russian-born publisher Albert Lewis Kanter (1897–1973) believed he could use the new medium to introduce young and reluctant readers to " great literature". He created ''Classic Comics'' for Elliot Publishing Company in 1941 with its debut issues being ''The Three Musketeers'', followed by ''Ivanhoe'' and '' The Count of Monte Cristo''. The first five titles were published irregularly under the banner "Classic Comics Presents", while issues #6 and 7 were published under the banner "Classic Comics Library" with a ten-cent cover price. '' Arabian Nights'' (issue #8), illustrated by Lillian Chestney, is the first issue to use the "Classics Comics" banner.

With the fourth issue, '' The Last of the Mohicans'', in 1942, Kanter moved the operation to different offices, and the corporate identity was changed to the Gilberton Company, Inc. Reprints of previous titles began in 1943. World War II paper shortages forced Kanter to reduce the 64-page format to 56 pages. Some titles were packaged in gift boxes of threes or fours during the period, with specific themes such as ''adventure'' or ''mystery''.

''Classic Comics'' is marked by varying quality in art and is celebrated today for its often garish but highly collectible line-drawn covers. Original edition ''Classic Comics'' in "near mint" condition command prices in the thousands of dollars.

With issue #35 in March 1947 ('' The Last Days of Pompeii'') the series' name was changed to ''Classics Illustrated''. In 1948, rising paper costs reduced books to 48 pages. In 1951 (issue #81), line-drawn covers were replaced with painted covers, and the price was raised from 10 cents to 15 cents (and, at a later date, to 25 cents).

''Classics Illustrated'' benefitted from nationwide distribution (thanks to an agreement with Curtis Circulation) beginning in late 1951, and Kanter began promoting the series as an educational tool.Jones, p. 112. Despite this, '' Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' (issue #13) and ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' (issue #15) were both cited in Dr. Fredric Wertham's 1954 condemnation of comic books '' Seduction of the Innocent'', in the first case for reducing the story to little more than its violent elements, and in the second case for simplifying the full characterizations of the book to stereotypes.

''Classics Illustrated'' #65 — ''Benjamin Franklin'' (published in November 1949) — written by Adelaide Lee (adaptation) and illustrated by Alex Blum, Robert Hebberd, and Gus Schrotter, was given the 1956 Thomas Alva Edison Foundation National Mass Media Award for Best American History Comic Book.

As ''Classics Illustrated'' became more standardized in the 1950s, Gilberton re-issued earlier editions with new art (and sometimes new script adaptations). All editions were re-issued with new cover art in the 1950s and '60s.

In addition to ''Classics Illustrated'', Kanter presided over its spin-offs '' Classics Illustrated Junior'' (1953), ''Classics Illustrated Special Issue'' (1955), and ''The World Around Us'' (1958). Between 1941 and 1962, sales totaled 200 million.

Of the original 169 issues of ''Classic Comics''/''Classics Illustrated'' produced in the period 1941–1969, the writers with the most representation included Jules Verne, with ten works adapted; Alexandre Dumas, with nine; James Fenimore Cooper, with eight; and Robert Louis Stevenson, with seven. Charles Dickens, Walter Scott, William Shakespeare, Mark Twain, and H. G. Wells were all well-represented, with five works adapted each. Seven female authors had their work adapted. Up through 1951, all adaptations were from work in the public domain.Jones, p. 114. Beginning in 1952, the series occasionally created authorized adaptations of popular 20th-century fiction by such authors as Charles Nordhoff & James Norman Hall (four of their novels), Frank Buck (two of his novels), Charles Boardman Hawes (two novels), Erich Maria Remarque, Talbot Mundy, Walter Van Tilburg Clark, and Emerson Hough.

In addition to the literary adaptations, each issue of ''Classics Illustrated'' featured author profiles, educational fillers, and an advertisement for the coming title. In later editions, a catalog of titles and a subscription order form appeared on back covers.

The publication of new titles in the U.S. ceased in 1962 for various reasons. The company lost its second-class mailing permit; and cheap paperbacks, Cliff's Notes, and television drew readers away from the series. Kanter's last new title was issue #167 '' Faust'' (August 1962), though other titles had been planned. Two of these titles – an adaptation of G. A. Henty's ''In Freedom's Cause'', and the original title, ''Negro Americans: The Early Years'' – appeared in the company's foreign editions. In addition, in 1962–1963, the British publisher Thorpe & Porter, which at that point was owned by Gilberton,Jones Jr., ''Classics Illustrated: A Cultural History'', p. 315. produced 13 new issues of ''Classics Illustrated'', which were never published in the U.S. Most of the script adaptations were done by ''Classics Illustrated'' editor Alfred Sundel.

In 1967, Kanter sold his company to Twin Circle Publishing Co. and its conservative Catholic publisher Patrick Frawley, whose Frawley Corporation in 1969 finally published ''In Freedom's Cause'' and ''Negro Americans'', but mainly concentrated on foreign sales and reprinting older titles. After four years, Twin Circle discontinued the line because of poor distribution, and licensed the rights to other companies until it sold the rights to First Classics, Inc. in 2011.

Writers and artists

The work of adapting the source material and writing comics scripts was done by a group of mostly unknown writers. Alfred Sundel, a long-time editor on the series, scripted more than 20 first-edition adaptations and more than 10 revised editions.Jones, p. 6. Others with a lot of script adaptation credits include Ken Fitch (sometimes credited as "Kenneth W. Fitch") with 22 issues, Harry G. Miller (sometimes credited as "Harry Glickman") with twelve, Evelyn Goodman with nine, and John O'Rourke with nine. Other writers with multiple adaptations to their names included Ruth Roche, George Lipscomb, Annette T. Rubenstein, and Sam Willinsky.

Henry C. Kiefer was the main artist for many issues of ''Classic Comics'' and ''Classics Illustrated'', and his work came to define the "look" of the series. For ''Classic Comics'', he illustrated the second cover for ''The Prince and the Pauper'', issue #29, cover for ''The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes'', issue #33, and the first ''Classics Illustrated'' issue ''The Last Days of Pompeii'', issue #35. For ''Classics Illustrated'', he drew the majority of at least 20 issues from the series in the period 1947–1953. Alex Blum also illustrated more than 20 issues of the series in the period 1948–1955. Norman Nodel illustrated more than 20 issues of ''Classics Illustrated'' (a number of them being re-issues with new art).

Other artists who contributed to ''Classic Comics'' include Lillian Chestney ('' Arabian Nights'', issue #8, and ''Gulliver's Travels'', issue #16), Webb and Brewster (''Frankenstein'', issue #26), and Matt Baker (''Lorna Doone'', issue #32). ''Oliver Twist'' (issue #23) was the first title produced by the Eisner & Iger shop.

Other notable artists who drew multiple issues of ''Classics Illustrated'' included George Evans, Lou Cameron, Reed Crandall, Pete Costanza, L.B. Cole, John Severin, Gray Morrow, and Joe Orlando. Lesser-known names with multiple credits include Rudy Palais, Arnold Hicks, Maurice Del Bourgo, Louis Zansky, August Froehlich, and Bob Webb, Jack Abel, Stephen Addeo, Charles J. Berger, Dik Browne, Denis Gifford, Roy Krenkel, John Parker, Norman Saunders, Joe Sinnott, Al Williamson and George Woodbridge.

''Classics Illustrated Junior''

''Classics Illustrated Junior'' featured Albert Lewis Kanter's comic book adaptations of fairy and folk tale, myth and legends. In 1953, ''Classics Illustrated Junior'' debuted with ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''; the line eventually numbered 77 issues, ending publication in 1971. Issues included miscellanea such as an Aesop fable and a full-page illustration to color with crayons. Artists included John Costanza and Kurt Schaffenberger.

''Classics Illustrated Special Issue''

Despite numbering that aligns with the main ''Classics Illustrated'' title, ''Classics Illustrated Special Issue'' is generally regarded as a separate title; instead of adaptations, subjects were historical or biographical. Published in December and June from December 1955 to 1964, issues were generally 100 pages long — twice the size of a typical ''Classics Illustrated''. Notable artists included Angelo Torres, Bruno Premiani, Don Perlin, Edd Ashe, Everett Kinstler

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