Classical Guarani

Classical Guarani, also known as Missionary Guarani or Old Guarani (''abá ñeȇ́'' 'the people's language') is an extinct variant of the Guarani language. It was spoken in the region of the thirty Jesuit missions among the Guarani (current territories of Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil). The Jesuits studied the language for around 160 years, assigning it a writing system and consolidating several dialects into one unified language. Classical Guarani went extinct gradually after their suppression in 1767.

Despite its extinction, its bibliographical production and that of written documents was rich and is still mostly conserved. Therefore, it is considered an important literary branch in the history of Guarani.

Shift from Classical to Criollo

Criollo Guarani has its roots in the Classical Guarani as spoken outside Jesuit missions, once the Society of Jesus was suppressed. Modern scholars have shown that Guarani has always been the main language of the Jesuit Guarani missions and, later on, to the whole Governorate of Paraguay which belonged to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

After the expulsion of the Jesuits, the residents of the reductions emigrated gradually towards territories of current Paraguay, Corrientes, Uruguay, Entre Ríos and those to the North of Río Salado. These migratory moves caused a one-sided change in the language, making it stray far from the original dialect that the Jesuits had studied.

Classical Guarani kept away from Hispanicisms, favoring the use of the language's agglutinative nature to coin new terms. This process would often lead to the Jesuits using more complex and synthetic terms to transmit Western concepts. Criollo Guarani, on the other hand, has been characterized by a free influx, unregulated with regards to Hispanicisms which were often incorporated with a minimal phonological adaptation. Thus, the word for communion in Classical Guarani would be ''Tȗpȃ́rára'' whereas in Criollo Guarani it is ''komuño'' (from Spanish ''comunión'').

Because of the emigration from the reductions, Classical and Criollo got to come to a wide contact with each other. Most speakers abandoned the Classical variant, more complicated and with more rules, in favor of the more practical Criollo.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonant phonemes of Classical Guarani are as follows:

Vowels

Orthography

Classical Guarani using letters from the Latin alphabet assigned to each phoneme by Jesuit missionaries.

Some of the orthographical rules are as follows:

* ''c'' is read as /k/ before ''a'', ''o'' and ''u''. It is read as /s/ before ''e'' and ''i''. ''ç'' is used only before the vowels where ''c'' would otherwise be read as /k/ (''ço'' /so/ to avoid ''co'' /ko/).
* ''qu'' is read as /k/ before ''e'' and ''i'' and as /kʷ/ before ''a'', in which case it always forms a diphthong or triphthong (e.g. ''que'' /ke/, ''tequay'' /teˈkʷaj/).
* Syllables with ''ĭ'' and ''ỹ'' are always stressed.
* Syllables ending in ''ĭ'' and ''ỹ'' are always oxytones.
* Syllables with circumflex accents are always stressed.
* Two vowels next to each other are separated by a glottal stop unless a circumflex accent is added to form a diphthong in which case the syllable is always stressed unless specified otherwise (e.g. ''cue'' is read as /kuˈʔe/ while ''cuê'' is read as /kʷe/)
Early scholars failed to represent the glottal stop. This is due to the prevailing view at the time among scholars (which lasted until the sixties) that the glottal stop in Guarani was a suprasegmental phenomenon (hiatus, stress, syllable, etc.).

Numbers

Classical Guarani only had four numbers on its own. Bigger numbers were introduced later on in the rest of Guarani languages.

Sometimes they used ''yrundĭ hae nirȗî'' or ''ace pópeteȋ́'' 'one human hand' for five, ''ace pómȏcȏî'' 'two human hands' for ten and ''mbó mbĭ abé'' 'hands and also feet' or ''ace pó ace'' ''pĭ abé'' 'human hands and also human feet' for twenty.

Grammar

Many nouns and verbs in its most basic form ("root") ended in consonants. However, the language did not allow lexemes to end in consonants. Therefore this form was never used alone by itself in speech but existed only hypothetically. It was, however, used accompanied by suffixes. For dictionaries and other books with the purpose of studying the language, this form was written with the last consonant between two full stops (e.g. ''tú.b.'' is the root, ''túba'' is the nominative).

The language had no gender and no number as well. If an emphasis was to be made, they used words such as ''hetá'' (many) or specified the cardinal number.

Example text

Act of Contrition from ''Catecismo de la lengua guaraní'', the first catechism in Guarani, by Friar Antonio Ruiz de Montoya.

References

{{Tupian languages
Guarani languages
Extinct languages of South America
Guarani