Clara Shortridge Foltz (July 16, 1849 – September 2, 1934) was an American lawyer, the first female lawyer on the West Coast, and the pioneer of the idea of the public defender. The Criminal Courts Building in downtown Los Angeles was renamed after her in 2002, and is now known as the Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center.

Early life and legal education

Foltz was born Clarissa Shortridge in Milton, Indiana, to Talitha and Elias Willetts Shortridge (a lawyer and preacher). Prior to the Civil War, the family moved to Mount Pleasant,

Iowa Iowa ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the upper Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west; Wisconsin to the northeast, Ill ...

, where Foltz attended a co-educational school (rare at the time). In December 1864, at age 15, she eloped with a farmer and Civil War veteran named Jeremiah D. Foltz, and they began having children. However, he had difficulty supporting his family. The Foltzes moved several times, first to Portland,

Oregon Oregon ( , ) is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is a part of the Western U.S., with the Columbia River delineating much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while t ...

and finally to San Jose,

California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...

in 1872. During these times, she contributed articles to the ''New Northwest'' and the San Jose ''Mercury''. Around 1876, her husband abandoned her and their five children. She began studying law in the office of a local judge, in part through the support of local suffragette Sarah Knox-Goodrich. She also supported herself by giving public lectures, starting in 1877, on suffrage.

Legal career

Joining the California bar

Foltz wanted to take the bar examination but California law at the time allowed only white males to become members of the bar. Foltz authored a state bill, known as the "Woman Lawyer Bill," which replaced "white male" with "person," and in September 1878 she passed the examination and was the first woman admitted to the California bar, and the first female lawyer on the entire west coast of the United States. Having little formal education, she wished to study at the first law school in California to improve her skills. Alongside her ally Laura de Force Gordon, Foltz applied to Hastings College of the Law but was denied admission because of her sex. Foltz and Gordon sued, but recognized that they faced strong opposition. To advance their cause, Gordon and Foltz wrote an amendment to the California state constitution that read "No person shall, on account of sex, be disqualified from entering upon or pursuing any lawful business, vocation, or profession." Drawing upon both the Woman Lawyer Bill and the soon-to-be-ratified equal opportunity in employment statement in the constitution, Foltz and Gordon were able to argue that if women could serve as lawyers they must certainly be allowed to attend law school at the coeducational University of California. Chief Justice of California Robert F. Morrison agreed, and in ''Foltz v. Hoge'' ruled that Foltz and Gordon should be admitted to Hastings. The ruling was appealed, and Foltz studied for and passed the California State Supreme Court bar exam in order to argue her case, which she ultimately won. Although Foltz successfully obtained admission for all qualified women to Hastings, the work to win the case left Foltz impoverished and she returned to her legal career instead of pursuing her dream of attending law school.

Later career

Foltz practiced in San Francisco, San Diego, and from 1896 to 1899 in New York, where she attempted to create a career as a corporate attorney.

Political career

Public speaking

In an era when public speaking could be a lucrative career, Foltz spoke for the Republicans during the campaigns of 1880, 1882, and 1884. In 1886 she became a Democrat, and in the winter of that year lectured in

Wisconsin Wisconsin ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States. It borders Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michig ...

Illinois Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. It borders on Lake Michigan to its northeast, the Mississippi River to its west, and the Wabash River, Wabash and Ohio River, Ohio rivers to its ...

, and Iowa.

Suffrage

Foltz became a leader in the woman’s voting rights movement. During a career that spanned 56 years, Foltz almost single-handedly pushed a great deal of progressive legislation for women’s rights in the voting and legal fields.

Public defense

At the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893, during a "congress" of the Board of Lady Managers, Foltz made her first highly public presentation of her idea of the public defender. Foltz's then-radical concept of providing assistance to indigent criminal defendants would be used today throughout the United States.

Other accomplishments

Foltz was notable for many "firsts": first female clerk for the State Assembly's Judiciary Committee (1880); the first woman appointed to the State Board of Corrections; the first female licensed Notary Public; the first woman named director of a major bank; and, in 1930, the first woman to run for

Governor of California The governor of California is the head of government of the U.S. state of California. The Governor (United States), governor is the commander-in-chief of the California National Guard and the California State Guard. Established in the Constit ...

, at the age of 81. In 1910, she was appointed to the Los Angeles District Attorney's Office, becoming the first female deputy district attorney in the United States. She was active in the suffrage movement, authoring the Women's Vote Amendment for California in 1911. Foltz also raised five children, mostly as a single mother, and encouraged women not to overlook their traditional domestic roles. Foltz also founded and published the ''San Diego Daily Bee'', and ''New American Woman Magazine'', for which she wrote a monthly column until her death.

Family

Foltz's brother, Samuel M. Shortridge, was elected to the United States Senate from California in 1920 and served two terms. Foltz supported his campaigns, though earlier she had disagreed with him on key issues such as tariffs. Their brother Charles M. Shortridge (1858–1918) was the owner of the San Jose newspaper '' Daily Mercury'' and purchased '' The San Francisco Call'' in 1895.

Death

Foltz died at the age of 85 of heart failure at her home in Los Angeles on September 2, 1934. The pallbearers for her funeral included Governor Frank Merriam and several prominent federal and state judges. She was cremated and interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Los Angeles County.

Posthumous recognition

At the insistence of its female students, Hastings College of the Law granted Foltz a posthumous degree of Doctor of Laws in 1991. Additionally, the primary social space inside UC Hastings's McAllister Tower student housing complex was christened the Clara S. Foltz Lounge. In 2002, the Criminal Courts Building in downtown Los Angeles was renamed the Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center.

References

Bibliography

* Sharon Avey, ''The Lady Lawyer: Clara Shortridge Foltz'', 2001, AV Publishers, * Barbara Allen Babcock, "Women Defenders in the West", ''University of Nevada Law Journal'' (Spring 2001). * Barbara Allen Babcock, "Clara Shortridge Foltz: First Woman", 28 '' Valparaiso University Law Review'' 1231 (Summer 1994). * Barbara Allen Babcock, "She Blazed the Trail: Clara Foltz Opened a Major Door for Women in 1878, When She Became the First Female Member of the State Bar", 106 '' The Los Angeles Daily Journal'' S16 (October 7, 1993). * Barbara Allen Babcock, "Western Women Lawyers", 45 '' Stanford Law Review'' 2179 (1993). * Barbara Allen Babcock, "Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-maker", 66 '' Indiana Law Journal'' 849 (1991). * Barbara Allen Babcock, "Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz", 12 ''Biography'' 1 (1989). * "Clara Foltz, San Francisco", 1 The Law Student's Helper 263 (October 1893). * Attribution: *

External links

Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz
from Women's Legal History website at Stanford Law School
New American Woman volume 1
edited and published by Clara Shortridge Foltz
New American Woman volume 2
edited and published by Clara Shortridge Foltz {{DEFAULTSORT:Foltz, Clara S. 1849 births 1934 deaths American feminists American women's rights activists Lawyers from San Francisco University of California College of the Law, San Francisco alumni California Republicans California Democrats People from Wayne County, Indiana Activists from Indiana 19th-century American lawyers 20th-century American lawyers 20th-century American women lawyers 19th-century American women lawyers Suffragists from California Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery