''Cladomelea akermani'' is a

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

spider Spiders (order (biology), order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight limbs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude spider silk, silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and ran ...

in the

orb-weaver spider Orb-weaver spiders are members of the spider family Araneidae. They are the most common group of builders of spiral wheel-shaped webs often found in gardens, fields, and forests. The English word "orb" can mean "circular", hence the English name ...

family Araneidae, found in South Africa. ''Cladomelea'' species, including ''C. akermani'', are "

bolas spider A bolas spider is a member of the orb-weaver spider (family Araneidae) that, instead of spinning a typical Spider web, orb web, hunts by using one or more sticky "capture blobs" on the end of a Spider silk, silk line, known as a "bolas". By swing ...

s" – adult females capture their prey by using a sticky drop on the end of a single line which they swing, usually catching male moths attracted by the release of an analogue of the attractant

sex pheromone Sex pheromones are pheromones released by an organism to attract an individual of the same species, encourage them to mate with them, or perform some other function closely related with sexual reproduction. Sex pheromones specifically focus on ind ...

produced by the female moth. Juvenile and adult male bolas spiders do not use a bolas, catching prey with their legs alone.

Description

A male and female were described by Levi in 2003. The female had a total length of 15.5 mm, the

carapace A carapace is a dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods, such as crustaceans and arachnids, as well as vertebrates, such as turtles and tortoises. In turtles and tortoises, the unde ...

being 5.4 mm long with a maximum width of 5.2 mm. The carapace was light orange-brown, with three projections with black ends. The

sternum The sternum (: sternums or sterna) or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major bl ...

was light orange-brown. The abdomen was whitish, with a pair of brown tubercules on the upper surface and a central white rectangle on the lower surface. The first leg was longest, the

patella The patella (: patellae or patellas), also known as the kneecap, is a flat, rounded triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The patella is found in m ...

and

tibia The tibia (; : tibiae or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two Leg bones, bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outsi ...

totalling 10.8 mm. The male was much smaller, with a total body length of 1.6 mm, about a tenth of that of the female. Its carapace and the underside of the abdomen were dark brown. The carapace was rough but lacked the projections of the female. The upper surface of the abdomen was spotted with black, grey and white, and had three humps and two hardened discs. The male's

palpal bulb The two palpal bulbs – also known as palpal organs and genital bulbs – are the copulatory organs of a male spider. They are borne on the last segment of the pedipalps (the front "limbs" of a spider), giving the spider an appearance often descr ...

had a distinct

conductor Conductor or conduction may refer to: Biology and medicine * Bone conduction, the conduction of sound to the inner ear * Conduction aphasia, a language disorder Mathematics * Conductor (ring theory) * Conductor of an abelian variety * Cond ...

supporting the

embolus An embolus (; : emboli; from the Greek ἔμβολος "wedge", "plug") is an unattached mass that travels through the circulatory system, bloodstream and is capable of creating blockages. When an embolus Vascular occlusion, occludes a blood vess ...

. Contrary to an earlier statement by Conrad Akerman that ''C. akermani'' uses its third leg (a statement repeated by others, e.g. Yeargan), the female handles its bolas with the second leg, swinging it in a horizontal plane.

Taxonomy

''Cladomelea akermani'' was first described by

John Hewitt John Hewitt may refer to: * John Hewitt (priest) (died 1588), English Roman Catholic priest and Catholic martyr, beatified in 1929 * John Hewitt (antiquary) (1807–1878), English official * John Hill Hewitt (1801–1890), newspaper editor * John ...

in 1923, from a female collected by Conrad Akerman in 1915. ''C. akermani'' is similar to '' C. longipes''. ''Cladomelea'' species are

s, and although the genus was not included in two relevant

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies in 2014 and 2020, would be expected to be part of the "mastophorines", placed in the subfamily Cyrtarachninae '' s.l.''

Distribution and habitat

''Cladomelea akermani'' is native to South Africa. It has been recorded from grasslands in

KwaZulu-Natal KwaZulu-Natal (, also referred to as KZN) is a Provinces of South Africa, province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the government merged the Zulu people, Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu ("Place of the Zulu" in Zulu language, Zulu) and ...

, around

Pietermaritzburg Pietermaritzburg (; ) is the capital and second-largest city in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa after Durban. It was named in 1838 and is currently governed by the Msunduzi Local Municipality. The town was named in Zulu after King ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q3430125 Araneidae Spiders of South Africa Endemic spiders of South Africa Spiders described in 1923 Taxa named by John Hewitt (herpetologist)