Civil inattention is the respectful recognition of a stranger in an urban public space without treating them as an object of curiosity or intent. Civil inattention establishes that each recognizes the other's

personhood Personhood is the status of being a person. Defining personhood is a controversial topic in philosophy and law and is closely tied with legal and political concepts of citizenship, equality, and liberty. According to law, only a legal person (ei ...

without engagement. For example, people passing on a street will typically glance at each other, noticing and then withdrawing their attention. This minimal recognition is contrasted with other interactions such as the "hate stare" of the racist or the refusal to notice a beggar. Civil inattention is one of Erving Goffman's most celebrated concepts in his analyses of the

ritual A ritual is a repeated, structured sequence of actions or behaviors that alters the internal or external state of an individual, group, or environment, regardless of conscious understanding, emotional context, or symbolic meaning. Traditionally ...

s of public conduct in everyday life. Civil inattention is a strategy to overcome the challenges of urban life, in particular living in close proximity to " others", all the while showing indifferences. Such behaviors may lead to alienation, thinking of strangers as objects. However, urban life also expands individual freedom.

Rural In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry are typically desc ...

or tribal culture is based upon a communal identity with kinship and close social ties and little or no interaction with strangers.

Positive functions

Civil inattention is required to avoid the otherwise problematic encounters between strangers in an

urban culture Urban culture is the culture of towns and cities. The defining theme is the presence of a large population in a limited space that follows social norms. This makes it possible for many subcultures close to each other, exposed to social influence ...

, to behave with courtesy while maintaining strangeness. Situations often studied are those in which strangers must share a public space in closer proximity than normal, as when using mass transportation, riding an elevator, or in a waiting room. Rather than either ignoring or staring at others, civil inattention involves the unobtrusive and peaceful scanning of others to allow for neutral interaction. The typical behaviors observed to maintain strangeness include not staring or talking. Seemingly (though not in reality) effortless, such civility is a way of shielding others from personal claims in public.

Negative functions

Civil inattention can lead to feelings of loneliness or

invisibility Invisibility is the state of an object that cannot be seen. An object in this state is said to be ''invisible'' (literally, "not visible"). The phenomenon is studied by physics and perceptual psychology. Since objects can be seen by light fr ...

, and it reduces the tendency to feel responsibility for the well-being of others. Newcomers to

urban area An urban area is a human settlement with a high population density and an infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas originate through urbanization, and researchers categorize them as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. In urbani ...

s are often struck by the impersonality of such routines, which they may see as callous and uncaring, rather than as necessary for the peaceful co-existence of close-packed millions.

Other issues

The wearing of masks in public poses challenges for civil inattention, since they conceal many of the facial nuances and expressions that convey such inattention by acknowledging the presence of another while signaling a lack of untoward interest. Without the signifying presence of the rest of the face, such messages can be obscured. Street harassment, making comments or noises directed at strangers, is sometimes referred to as a breach of the norm of civil inattention. If civil inattention is a sign of respect, harassment is harmful not due to danger, but the lowering of the status of those receiving uncivil attention, usually women. Some see the prevalence of such harassment, also called "catcalling", as a response by men to their perception of declining status.

Insanity of place

Goffman saw many classic indications of madness as violations of the norm of civil inattention, like speaking to strangers or shying away from every passing glance.

Positive functions

Negative functions

Other issues

Insanity of place

See also

References

Further reading