Circassians in Turkey

Circassians in Turkey refers to people born in or residing in Turkey that are of Circassian origin. The Circassians are one of the largest ethnic minorities in Turkey, with a population estimated to be two million, or according to the EU reports, three.

Circassians are a Caucasian people, and although the Circassians in Turkey were assimilated to some degree, a portion of the diaspora still speaks their native Circassian languages as it is still spoken in many Circassian villages, and the group that preserved their language the best are the Kabardians.Papşu, Murat (2003)
Çerkes dillerine genel bir bakış Kafkasya ve Türkiye
. Nart Dergisi, Mart-Nisan 2003, Sayı:35 With the rise of Circassian nationalism in the 21st century, Circassians in Turkey, especially the young, have started to study and learn their language. The Circassians in Turkey mostly identify as Muslim. The largest association of Circassians in Turkey, KAFFED, was the founding member of the International Circassian Association (ICA), until it left in 2022 due to "ICA acting as a Russian puppet organisation".

The closely related ethnic groups Abazins (10,000) and Abkhazians (39,000) are also often counted among them. The term "Circassian" was formerly used in the Ottoman Empire in the late 1800s to refer to all North Caucasians.

History

Arrival in the Ottoman Empire

Circassians in the Ottoman Empire mainly kept to themselves and maintained their separate identity, even having their own courts, in which they would tolerate no outside influence, and various travelers noted that they never forgot their homeland, for which they continually yearned.

After the Circassian genocide, Circassians who were exiled to Ottoman lands initially suffered heavy tolls. The Circassians were initially housed in schools and mosques or had to live in caves until their resettlement. The Ottoman authorities assigned lands for Circassian settlers close to regular water sources and grain fields. Numerous died in transit to their new homes from disease and poor conditions.

In Romania, the Circassians were granted privileges by the Ottoman authorities because of their Muslim religion and would frequently enter in conflict with the Christian population of the region. They would give parts of their gains to the Ottoman authorities. Palace of the Pasha (now the Tulcea Art Museum) and the Azizyie Mosque of Tulcea were built with funds coming from Circassians.

In Bulgaria, one of the major spots of arrival for the Circassians, the lives of Circassians were not easy, as diseases spread. Many families completely disappeared within a few years. Around 80,000 Circassians lived in "death camps" on the outskirts of Varna, where they were deprived of food and subjected to diseases. As a result, both the Muslim and Christian population of Vidin volunteered to support the Circassian settlers by increasing grain production for them. The Circassians were seen as a "Muslim threat" and expelled from Bulgaria and other parts of the Balkans by Russian armies following the end of the Russo-Turkish war. They were not allowed to return, so the Ottoman authorities settled them in new other lands such as in modern Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Syria and Turkey.

In Jordan, the Bedouin Arabs viewed the Circassians very negatively. The Circassians refused to pay the ''khuwwa'' ("protection" fees), and the Bedouin declared that it was halal (allowed) to murder Circassians on sight. The mutual hostility between the Circassians and their nomadic and settled Arab neighbors led to many clashes. Despite the superiority of Bedouin arms and mobility, the Circassians maintained their positions and population. Later, Circassians in Jordan marked the founding of modern Amman.

In Palestine, the Circassian exiles established the towns of al-Rihaniyya and Kafr Kama. The Bedouin Arabs viewed them as "squatters". Circassian culture occasionally clashed with Arab culture, with local Arabs looking with horror upon the equality of men and women in Circassian culture. In various areas of the wider Levant region armed conflict broke out between Circassians and other local groups, especially Bedouin and Druze, with little or no Ottoman intervention; some of these feuds continued as late as the mid-20th century.

In Syria, just like in Jordan and Palestine, clashes occurred between the Circassian exiles and the Bedouin. They were, however, less fierce compared to the other regions and slowly cooled down. Also, the Circassians which lived in the Ottoman Empire spoke a Tartar dialect like language, which they write with Arabic characters.

Ottoman Circassian renaissance

Circassians are regarded by historians to play a key role in the history of Turkey. Circassians took active role in the Ottoman state in high positions from their arrival until the collapse of the empire. A large portion of influential entities, such as the Ottoman Special Organization, Hamidiye regiments, and the Committee of Union of Progress were made up by Circassians. Key figures include Eşref Kuşçubaşı and Mehmed Reşid. Circassians in the Ottoman lands embraced their Caucasian identity, while also maintaining a primary Ottoman-Muslim identity. After the 1908 Revolution in the Ottoman Empire, Circassian nationalist activities started. Organizations such as the ''Çerkes İttihat ve Teavün Cemiyeti'' (Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society) and ''Çerkes Kadınları Teavün Cemiyeti'' (Circassian Women's Mutual Aid Society) published journals in the Circassian language and opened Circassian-only schools. Some were less cultural and more political, such as the ''Şimalî Kafkas Cemiyeti'' (North Caucasian Society) and the ''Kafkas İstiklâl Komitesi'' (Committee for the Liberation of Caucasus), both of which aimed for the independence of Circassia and were supported by the CUP.

Assimilation of Turkey's Circassians

Turkey has the largest Circassian population in the world, around half of all Circassians live in Turkey, mainly in the provinces of Samsun and Ordu (in Northern Turkey), Kahramanmaraş (in Southern Turkey), Kayseri (in Central Turkey), Bandırma, and Düzce; the region near the city of Ankara. All citizens of Turkey are considered Turks by the government, but it is estimated that approximately two million ethnic Circassians live in Turkey. The "Circassians" in question do not always speak the languages of their ancestors, and in some cases some of them may describe themselves as "only Turkish". The reason for this loss of identity is mostly due to natural assimilation, but also due to Turkey's government assimilation policiesAyhan Aktar, "Cumhuriyet'in Đlk Yıllarında Uygulanan 'Türklestirme' Politikaları," in Varlık Vergisi ve 'Türklestirme' Politikaları,2nd ed. (Istanbul: Iletisim, 2000), 101. and marriages with non–Circassians.

Especially after the 1940s, Circassians were restricted by policies such as the prohibition of Circassian language, Turkification of village names, and the ban on Circassian surnames. Despite these policies, the Circassians remained loyal to the Turkish state.

In December 2021, Deutsche Welle's Turkish language documentary "The story of the Circassians from the Caucasus to Turkey" led to substantial discussions regarding the state of Circassian assimilation in Turkey. This gave rise to heavy xenophobia, racism and hate speech in Turkish media questioning loyalty of Circassians to the Turkish state and accusing Circassian NGOs of playing in foreign hands. Turkish ultranationalists were seen posting genocidal and racist quotes of Nihal Atsız.

According to Fahri Huvaj, a prominent Circassian nationalist, the Circassian population has gone through assimilation in the world and now approximately only one fifth of Circassians can speak their language and that the Circassian language and culture is about to disappear from Turkey. UNESCO reports state that Adyghe and Abkhazian are among the "severely endangered" languages in Turkey .

Most Circassian organizations, including KAFFED, the biggest one, confirmed Deutsche Welle's claims while still declaring loyalty to the state and calling for friendship between Circassians and Turks. However, some smaller local organizations like Çerkes Forumu denied the claims. Çerkes Forumu's statement read: "We are Circassians. There are no traitors among us. You can not turn us into traitors. Stop lying."

"

Demographics

In the census of 1965, those who spoke Circassian as first language were proportionally most numerous in Kayseri (3.2%), Tokat (1.2%) and Kahramanmaraş (1.0%).

Notable people

(* = Circassian descent only on paternal side)

(** = Circassian descent only on maternal side)

Politicians

* Ali Kemal** – a Circassian– Turkish journalist who was killed during the Turkish War of Independence.
* Deniz Baykal – politician who was a long–time leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) in Turkey.
* Cem Özdemir* – politician, co–chairman of the German Green Party.
* Hüsamettin Özkan - Former minister and Vice Prime minister
* Nazım Ekren - former minister of state
* - politician, author of several books

Presidents and prime ministers of Turkey

* Ahmet Necdet Sezer – 10th president of Turkey.
* Fethi Okyar – diplomat and politician, who also served as a military officer and diplomat during the last decade of the Ottoman Empire. He was also the second Prime Minister of Turkey (1924–1925) and the second Speaker of the Turkish Parliament after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
* Recep Peker* – military officer and politician. He served in various ministerial posts and finally as the Prime Minister of Turkey.
* Necmettin Erbakan** – politician, engineer, and academic who was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1996 to 1997. He was pressured by the military to step down as prime minister and was later banned from politics by the Constitutional Court of Turkey for violating the separation of religion and state as mandated by the constitution.
* Nazım Ekren – Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey who was responsible for economic affairs.

Sultans of the Ottoman Empire with Circassian mothers

* Abdul Hamid II** – reigned as the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire - the last Sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state.
* Mehmed V** - reigned as the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan.
* Mehmed VI** - the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

Grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire

* Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I – Ottoman grand vizier (the index I is used to differentiate him from the second and better known Abaza Siyavuş Pasha, who also served as grand vizier, from 1687 to 1688). ( Abkhazian)
* Abaza Siyavuş Pasha – Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire who held the post during one of the most chaotic periods of the empire. (Abkhazian)
* Salih Hulusi Pasha – One of the last grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, under the reign of the last Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI. (Abkhazian)
* Cenaze Hasan Pasha – Short–term Ottoman grand vizier in 1789. His epithet ''Cenaze'' (or ''Meyyit'') means "corpse" because he was ill when appointed to the post.
* Melek Ahmed Pasa – Ottoman statesman and grand vizier during the reign of Mehmed IV. (Abkhazian)
* Ibşir Mustafa Pasha – Ottoman statesman. He was Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 28 October 1654 to 11 May 1655. He was also the Ottoman governor of Damascus Eyalet (province) in 1649. He was a '' damat'' ("bridegroom") to the Ottoman dynasty, as he married an Ottoman princess.
* Koca Dervish Mehmed Pasha – Ottoman military officer and statesman from Circassia. He was made Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) in 1652 and promoted to Grand Vizier on 21 March 1653. He held the position until 28 October 1654.
* Çerkes Mehmed Pasha – Ottoman statesman who served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1624 to 1625.İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, Istanbul, 1971 (Turkish)
* Hayreddin Pasha – Ottoman politician. First serving as Beylerbeyi of Ottoman Tunisia, he later achieved the high post of Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He was a political reformer during a period of growing European ascendancy. was a pragmatic activist who reacted against poor conditions in Muslim states, and looked to Europe for solutions. He applied the Islamic concept of "maṣlaḥah" (or public interest), to economic issues. He emphasized the central role of justice and security in economic development. He was a major advocate of "tanẓīmāt" (or modernization) for Tunisia's political and economic systems. (Abkhazian)
* Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha – Ottoman admiral, reformer and statesman, who was Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy. He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career, between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I. However, during the 1820s, he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords, the reformation of the army, and the reformation of Turkish attire. He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire who exiled his ancestors, which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War. (Abkhazian)
* Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha – Ottoman statesman and military commander who also held the office of grand vizier.
* Mahmud Shevket PashaNâzım Tektaş, ''Sadrazamlar: Osmanlı'da ikinci adam saltanatı'', Çatı Kitapları, 2002. – Ottoman generalissimo and statesman, who was an important political figure during the Second Constitutional Era.

Military officers

* Çerkes Ethem – Militia leader who initially gained fame for gaining victories against the Allied powers invading Anatolia in the aftermath of World War I and afterwards during the Turkish War of Independence.
* Hulusi Akar – Turkish Minister of Defense and a former four–star Turkish Armed Forces general who served as the 29th Chief of the Turkish General Staff. Akar also served as a brigade commander in various NATO engagements including the International Security Assistance Force against the Taliban insurgency, Operation Deliberate Force during the Bosnian War, the Kosovo Force during the Kosovo War, as well as overseeing much of the Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War.
* Yakub Cemil – Revolutionary and soldier, who assassinated Nazım Pasha during the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état.
* Ahmet Fevzi Big – Commander of the Ninth Army Corps of the Ottoman Third Army. He was an Abkhazian immigrant from Düzce

HOME


Content is Copyleft
Website design, code, and AI is Copyrighted (c) 2014-2017 by Stephen Payne


Consider donating to Wikimedia



As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases