Ciidae
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The minute tree-fungus beetles,
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Ciidae, are a sizeable group of
beetle Beetles are insects that form the Taxonomic rank, order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Holometabola. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 40 ...
s which inhabit
Polyporales The Polyporales are an order (biology), order of about 1,800 species of fungi in the division (mycology), division Basidiomycota. The order includes some (but not all) polypores as well as many corticioid fungi and a few agarics (mainly in the ge ...
bracket fungi or
coarse woody debris Coarse woody debris (CWD) or coarse woody habitat (CWH) refers to fallen dead trees and the remains of large branches on the ground in forests and in rivers or wetlands.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). C ...
. Most numerous in warmer regions, they are nonetheless widespread and a considerable number of
species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
occur as far polewards as
Scandinavia Scandinavia is a subregion#Europe, subregion of northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. ''Scandinavia'' most commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It can sometimes also ...
for example.


Description

As their name implies, minute tree-fungus beetles are tiny, about long. Their body is short and cylindrical, often
convex Convex or convexity may refer to: Science and technology * Convex lens, in optics Mathematics * Convex set, containing the whole line segment that joins points ** Convex polygon, a polygon which encloses a convex set of points ** Convex polytop ...
, sometimes with a smooth coat of fine short hairs, sometimes being covered in long bristly hairs. They are mostly dark brown or blackish. The short antennae consist of 8–10 segments. The
pronotum The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum (dorsal), the prosternum (ventral), and the propleuron (lateral) on e ...
is wider than long and often forming a quite prominent
helmet A helmet is a form of protective gear worn to protect the head. More specifically, a helmet complements the skull in protecting the human brain. Ceremonial or symbolic helmets (e.g., a policeman's helmet in the United Kingdom) without protecti ...
-like structure. The
elytra An elytron (; ; : elytra, ) is a modified, hardened forewing of beetles (Coleoptera), though a few of the true bugs (Hemiptera) such as the family Schizopteridae are extremely similar; in true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra (sometime ...
do not taper noticeably over most of their length. The legs are short, the tibiae of the forelegs often bear characteristic extensions at the ends.


Ecology

These beetles usually inhabit
Polyporaceae The Polyporaceae () are a family (biology), family of polypore, poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota. The trama (mycology), flesh of their basidiocarp, fruit bodies varies from soft (as in the case of the dryad's saddle illustrated) to v ...
or more rarely Corticiaceae bracket fungi. The
larva A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...
e as well as the adults burrow inside the fungi, often choosing old specimens or old tissue. The whole development, from egg to adult, often takes as little as two months; some are
parthenogenetic Parthenogenesis (; from the Greek + ) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which the embryo develops directly from an egg without need for fertilization. In animals, parthenogenesis means the development of an embryo from an unfertiliz ...
. A few species are pests of commercial fungi, as in the case of '' Cis chinensis'', which infests dried fruiting-bodies of ''
Ganoderma lucidum ''Ganoderma lucidum'', commonly known as the reishi, varnished conk, lacquered bracket, or ling chih, is a red-colored species of '' Ganoderma'' with a limited distribution in Europe and parts of China, where it grows on decaying hardwood trees. ...
''. At least one ciid, '' Falsocis brasiliensis'', is a
threatened species A threatened species is any species (including animals, plants and fungi) which is vulnerable to extinction in the near future. Species that are threatened are sometimes characterised by the population dynamics measure of ''critical depensatio ...
. It occurs only in small forest remnants of the Northeast and Southeast Regions of
Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
. Minute tree-fungus beetles are food for many
predator Predation is a biological interaction in which one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common List of feeding behaviours, feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation ...
y
insect Insects (from Latin ') are Hexapoda, hexapod invertebrates of the class (biology), class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (Insect morphology#Head, head, ...
s, like
rove beetle The rove beetles are a family (biology), family (Staphylinidae) of beetles, primarily distinguished by their short elytra (wing covers) that typically leave more than half of their abdominal segments exposed. With over 66,000 species in thousand ...
s (Staphylinidae),
checkered beetle Cleridae are a family of beetles of the superfamily Cleroidea. They are commonly known as checkered beetles. The family Cleridae has a worldwide distribution, and a variety of habitats and feeding preferences. Cleridae have many niches and fee ...
s (Cleridae) and
parasitoid wasp Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran Superfamily (zoology), superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, ...
larvae.


List of genera

* '' Acanthocis'' Miyatake, 1954 * '' Aliocis'' Sandoval-Gómez & Lopes-Andrade, 2015 * '' Apterocis'' Perkins, 1900 * '' Atlantocis'' Israelson, 1985 * '' Ceracis'' Mellié, 1849 * '' Cis'' Latreille, 1796 * '' Cisarthron'' Reitter, 1885 * '' Dichodontocis'' Kawanabe, 1994 * '' Dimerapterocis'' Scott, 1926 * '' Diphyllocis'' Reitter, 1885 * '' Dolichocis'' Dury, 1919 * '' Ennearthron'' Mellié, 1847 * '' Euxestocis'' Miyatake, 1954 * '' Falsocis'' Pic, 1916 * '' Grossicis'' Antunes-Carvalho, Sandoval-Gómez & Lopes-Andrade, 2012 * '' Hadreule'' Thomson, 1859 * '' Hyalocis'' Kawanabe, 1993 * '' Lipopterocis'' Miyatake, 1954 * '' Malacocis'' Gorham, 1886 * '' Neoapterocis'' Lopes-Andrade, 2007 * '' Neoennearthron'' Miyatake, 1954 * '' Nipponapterocis'' Miyatake, 1954 * '' Nipponocis'' Nobuchi & Wada, 1955 * '' Octotemnus'' Mellié, 1847 * '' Odontocis'' Nakane & Nobuchi, 1955 * '' Orthocis'' Casey, 1898 * '' Paratrichapus'' Scott, 1926 * '' Paraxestocis'' Miyatake, 1954 * '' Phellinocis'' Lopes-Andrade & Lawrence, 2005 * '' Plesiocis'' Casey, 1898 * '' Polynesicis'' Zimmerman, 1938 * '' Porculus'' Lawrence, 1987 * '' Rhopalodontus'' Mellié, 1847 * '' Scolytocis'' Blair, 1928 * '' Sphindocis'' Fall, 1917 * '' Strigocis'' Dury, 1917 * ''
Sulcacis ''Sulcacis'' is a genus of tree-fungus beetles in the family Ciidae. Species These eight species belong to the genus ''Sulcacis'': * ''Sulcacis affinis'' (Gyllenhal, 1827) * ''Sulcacis bidentulus'' (Rosenhauer, 1847) * ''Sulcacis curtulus'' (Cas ...
'' Dury, 1917 * '' Syncosmetus'' Sharp, 1891 * '' Tropicis'' Scott, 1926 * '' Wagaicis'' Lohse, 1964 * '' Xylographella'' Miyatake, 1985 * '' Xylographus'' Mellié, 1847


References

* Gumier-Costa, F., Lopes-Andrade, C. & Zacaro, A. A. 2003. Association of ''Ceracis cornifer'' (Mellié) (Coleoptera: Ciidae) with the bracket fungi ''Pycnoporus sanguineus'' (Basidiomycetes: Polyporaceae). Neotropical Entomology, 32(2): 359–36

* Lawrence, J. F. 1987. A new genus of Ciidae (Coleoptera, Tenebrionoidea) from the Neotropical region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 31(1): 41–47. * Lawrence, J. F. 1991. Three new Asiatic Ciidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) associated with commercial, dried fungi. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 45: 286–292. * Lawrence, J. F.; Lopes-Andrade, C. 2008. ''Ciidae Species Listing''. Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog, Onlin

* Lopes-Andrade, C. 2007a. ''Neoapterocis'', a new genus of apterous Ciidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) from Chile and Mexico. Zootaxa, 1481: 35–47. * Lopes-Andrade, C. 2007b. Notes on ''Falsocis'' Pic (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae), with the description of an endangered Brazilian species. Zootaxa, 1544: 41–58. * Lopes-Andrade, C. 2008 The first record of ''Cis chinensis'' Lawrence from Brazil, with the delimitation of the ''Cis multidentatus'' species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae). Zootaxa, 1755: 35–46. * Lopes-Andrade, C., Gumier-Costa, F. & Sperber, C. F. (2003) Why do male ''Xylographus contractus'' Mellié (Coleoptera: Ciidae) present abdominal fovea? Evidence of sexual pheromone secretion. Neotropical Entomology, 32: 217–22

* Lopes-Andrade, C., Gumier-Costa, F., Zacaro, A.A. 2003. ''Cis leoi'', a new species of Ciidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa, 161: 1–7. * Lopes-Andrade, C., Madureira, M. S., Zacaro, A. A. 2002. Delimitation of the ''Ceracis singularis'' group (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae), with the description of a new Neotropical species. Dugesiana, 9: 59–63. * Lopes-Andrade, C., Zacaro, A. A. 2003a. The first record of ''Ennearthron'' Mellié, 1848 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae) in the Southern Hemisphere, with the description of a distinctive new species. Zootaxa, 395: 1–7. * Lopes-Andrade, C., Zacaro, A. A. 2003b. ''Xylographus lucasi'', a new Brazilian species of Ciidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea). Dugesiana, 10: 1–6. * Lopes-Andrade, C. & Lawrence, J. F. 2005. ''Phellinocis'', a new genus of Neotropical Ciidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea). Zootaxa, 1034: 43–60. * Madenjian, J. J., Eifert, J. D. & Lawrence, J. F. 1993. Ciidae: newly recognized beetle pests of commercial dried mushrooms. Journal of Stored Products Research, 29: 45–48. * Orledge, G. M., Reynolds, S. E. 2005. Fungivore host-use groups from cluster analysis: patterns of utilisation of fungal fruiting bodies by ciid beetles. Ecological Entomology, 30(6): 620–641. * Ruta, R. 2003. ''Rhopalodontus lawrencei'' n. sp. – the first ''Rhopalodontus'' species in the Oriental Region. Genus, 14(3): 363–36

{{Authority control Ciidae, Beetle families