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Cidaroida, also known as pencil urchins,250 Million Years of Bindin Evolution
/ref> is an
According to
Image:Stylocidaris affinis.jpg, '' Stylocidaris affinis'' (
Image:Cidaris blakei.jpg, '' Cidaris blakei'', abyssal Caribbean species
Image:Eucidaris tribuloides (Slate-pencil Urchin).jpg, '' Eucidaris tribuloides'', shallow Caribbean species
Image:Phyllacanthus.jpg, ''
/ref> is an
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
...
of primitive sea urchin
Sea urchins or urchins () are echinoderms in the class (biology), class Echinoidea. About 950 species live on the seabed, inhabiting all oceans and depth zones from the intertidal zone to deep seas of . They typically have a globular body cove ...
s, the only living order of the subclass Perischoechinoidea. All other orders of this subclass, which were even more primitive than the living forms, became extinct during the Mesozoic
The Mesozoic Era is the Era (geology), era of Earth's Geologic time scale, geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Period (geology), Periods. It is characterized by the dominance of archosaurian r ...
.
Description
Their primary spines are much more widely separated than in other sea urchins, and they have no buccal slits. Other primitive features include relatively simple plates in thetest
Test(s), testing, or TEST may refer to:
* Test (assessment), an educational assessment intended to measure the respondents' knowledge or other abilities
Arts and entertainment
* ''Test'' (2013 film), an American film
* ''Test'' (2014 film) ...
, and the ambulacral
Ambulacral is a term typically used in the context of anatomical parts of the phylum Echinodermata or class Asteroidea and Edrioasteroidea. Echinoderms can have ambulacral parts that include ossicles, plates, spines, and suckers. For example, sea ...
plates continuing as a series across the membrane that surrounds the mouth.
Families
According to World Register of Marine Species
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms.
Content
The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ...
:
* family Anisocidaridae Vadet, 1999 †
* superfamily Cidaroidea
Cidaroida, also known as pencil urchins, is an order of primitive sea urchins, the only living order of the subclass Perischoechinoidea. All other orders of this subclass, which were even more primitive than the living forms, became extinct dur ...
Gray, 1825
** family Cidaridae
Cidaridae is a family of sea urchins in the order Cidaroida.
Description and characteristics
Cidarid sea urchins are characterized by their stout skeleton : the test is thick and hard, with massive perforated tubercles (never crenulated) su ...
Gray, 1825
** family Ctenocidaridae Mortensen, 1928a
** family Paurocidaridae Vadet, 1999a †
* family Diplocidaridae
''Diplocidaridae'' is an extinct family of sea urchins.
These slow-moving low-level epifaunal grazer-omnivores lived in the Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that ...
Gregory, 1900 †
* family Heterocidaridae Mortensen, 1934 †
* superfamily Histocidaroidea Lambert, 1900
** family Histocidaridae
''Histocidaris'' is a genus of sea urchins in the family Histocidaridae. Some species are known from the fossil record.
Species
* ''Histocidaris acutispina'' Mortensen, 1927
* ''Histocidaris australiae'' Mortensen, 1928
* ''Histocidaris carina ...
Lambert, 1900
** family Psychocidaridae Ikeda, 1936
* family Miocidaridae Durham & Melville, 1957 †
* family Polycidaridae Vadet, 1988 †
* family Rhabdocidaridae Lambert, 1900 †
* family Serpianotiaridae Hagdorn, 1995 †
* family Triadocidaridae Smith, 1994c †
Cidaridae
Cidaridae is a family of sea urchins in the order Cidaroida.
Description and characteristics
Cidarid sea urchins are characterized by their stout skeleton : the test is thick and hard, with massive perforated tubercles (never crenulated) su ...
)
Image:Notocidaris.jpg, '' Notocidaris sp.'' ( Ctenocidaridae)
Image:Histocidaris variabilis.jpg, ''Histocidaris variabilis
''Histocidaris'' is a genus of sea urchins in the family Histocidaridae. Some species are known from the fossil record.
Species
* ''Histocidaris acutispina'' Mortensen, 1927
* ''Histocidaris australiae'' Mortensen, 1928
* ''Histocidaris carina ...
'' (Histocidaridae
''Histocidaris'' is a genus of sea urchins in the family Histocidaridae. Some species are known from the fossil record.
Species
* ''Histocidaris acutispina'' Mortensen, 1927
* ''Histocidaris australiae'' Mortensen, 1928
* ''Histocidaris carina ...
)
Image:Tylocidaris ohshimai.JPG, '' Tylocidaris ohshimai'' ( Psychocidaridae)
Image:Miocidaris coaeva MHNT.PAL.2006.94.jpg, '' Miocidaris coaeva'' ( Miocidaridae, fossil)
Image:Paracidaris florigemma.JPG, '' Paracidaris florigemma'' ( Polycidaridae, fossil)
Phyllacanthus imperialis
''Phyllacanthus imperialis'', also known as the Sputnik urchin, imperial lance urchin, imperial sea urchin, imperial urchin, pencil sea urchin, lance urchin, knobby sputnik sea urchin, mine urchin, and land mine sea urchin, is a species of sea ur ...
'', shallow Indo-Pacific species
Image:Plococidaris verticillata.jpg, '' Plococidaris verticillata'', rare shallow Indo-Pacific species
Image:Prionocidaris baculosa.jpg, '' Prionocidaris baculosa'', from Philippines
Image:Reef0228.jpg, '' Chondrocidaris gigantea'', from Hawaii
References
Citations
Sources
* * * Cisuralian first appearances Extant Permian first appearances Echinoderm orders {{echinoidea-stub