The Ciaculli massacre on 30 June 1963 was caused by a car bomb that exploded in Ciaculli, an outlying suburb of

Palermo Palermo ( ; ; , locally also or ) is a city in southern Italy, the capital (political), capital of both the autonomous area, autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province. The ...

, killing seven police and military officers sent to defuse it after an anonymous phone call. The bomb was intended for Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco, head of the Sicilian Mafia Commission and the boss of the Ciaculli

Mafia "Mafia", as an informal or general term, is often used to describe criminal organizations that bear a strong similarity to the Sicilian Mafia, original Mafia in Sicily, to the Italian-American Mafia, or to other Organized crime in Italy, organiz ...

family. At first, mafia boss Pietro Torretta was considered to be the instigator behind the bomb attack, but it was eventually found to be Michele Cavataio. The Ciaculli massacre was the culmination of a bloody Mafia war between rival clans in Palermo in the early 1960s—now known as the

First Mafia War The Ciaculli massacre on 30 June 1963 was caused by a car bomb that exploded in Ciaculli, an outlying suburb of Palermo, killing seven police and military officers sent to defuse it after an anonymous phone call. The bomb was intended for Salva ...

, a second started in the early 1980s—for the control of the profitable opportunities brought about by rapid urban growth and the illicit heroin trade to North America.Schneider & Schneider, ''Reversible Destiny'', pp. 65–66Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', pp. 103–104 The unprecedented ferocity of the struggle reaped 68 victims from 1961 to 1963.

Preceding events

During the 1950s, the mafia had developed interests in urban property, land speculation, public sector construction, commercial transportation, and the wholesale fruit, vegetable, meat and fish markets that served the burgeoning city of Palermo, whose population rose by 100,000 between 1951 and 1961.Schneider & Schneider, ''Reversible Destiny'', pp. 14–19 A relationship developed between ''mafiosi'' and a new generation of politicians of the Christian Democratic Party (

Democrazia Cristiana Christian Democracy (, DC) was a Christian democratic political party in Italy. The DC was founded on 15 December 1943 in the Italian Social Republic (Nazi-occupied Italy) as the nominal successor of the Italian People's Party (1919), Italian ...

) such as Salvo Lima and

Vito Ciancimino Vito Alfio Ciancimino (; 2 April 1924 – 19 November 2002) was an Politics of Italy, Italian politician close to the Mafia leadership who became known for enriching himself and his associates by corruptly granting planning permission. An abra ...

. Lima was connected to Angelo La Barbera,

Tommaso Buscetta Tommaso Buscetta (; 13 July 1928 – 2 April 2000) was a high-ranking Italian mobster and a member of the Sicilian Mafia. He became one of the first of its members to turn informant and explain the inner workings of the organization. Buscetta p ...

and the leading construction entrepreneur Francesco Vassallo. The period from 1958 to 1964, during which Lima served as mayor of Palermo and Ciancimino served as assessor for public works, was later referred to as the " Sack of Palermo". Throughout this five-year span, 4,000 building licences were signed, more than half in the names of three pensioners with no connection to the construction industry. The construction boom led to the destruction of the city's green belt, and distinctive villas were replaced by apartment blocks.

First Mafia War

The Mafia war was sparked by a quarrel over a lost heroin shipment and the murder of Calcedonio Di Pisa—an ally of the Grecos—in December 1962. The Grecos suspected the brothers Angelo and Salvatore La Barbera of perpetrating the attack.Dickie, ''Cosa Nostra'', pp. 311–312 The Ciaculli massacre shifted the Mafia war into a war against the Mafia, which in turn prompted the first concerted anti-mafia efforts by the state in post-war Italy. Within a period of ten weeks, 1,200 mafiosi were arrested, many of whom would be kept out of circulation for as many as five to six years. The Sicilian Mafia Commission was dissolved, and of those mafiosi who had escaped arrest—among them

—many went to the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela. Salvatore "Cicchiteddu" Greco fled to

Caracas Caracas ( , ), officially Santiago de León de Caracas (CCS), is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Greater Caracas). Caracas is located along the Guaire River in the northern p ...

in Venezuela.Servadio, ''Mafioso'', p. 181 The atrocity galvanized the Italian Parliament into implementing a law for the constitution of an Antimafia Commission; the law passed in December 1962, and the Commission met for the first time on July 6, 1963. Its final report was submitted in 1976.

Perpetrators

According to Tommaso Buscetta, who became a cooperating witness in 1984, Michele Cavataio, the boss of the Acquasanta quarter of Palermo, was responsible for the Ciaculli bomb. Cavataio had lost out to the Greco Mafia clan in a war for control of the wholesale market in the mid-1950s. Cavataio killed Di Pisa with the belief that the La Barberas would be blamed by the Grecos and a war would result; he ultimately continued to fuel the war with additional bomb attacks and killings.Dickie, ''Cosa Nostra'', pp. 315–316 Cavataio was backed by other Mafia families, who resented the growing power of the Sicilian Mafia Commission to the detriment of individual Mafia families. Cavataio was killed on 10 December 1969 in the Viale Lazio in Palermo as retaliation for the events in 1963; the assassination was carried out by a Mafia hit squad including Bernardo Provenzano, Calogero Bagarella (an elder brother of Leoluca Bagarella the brother-in-law of Totò Riina), Emanuele D’Agostino of Stefano Bontade’s Santa Maria di Gesù Family, Gaetano Grado, and Damiano Caruso, a soldier of Giuseppe Di Cristina, the Mafia boss of Riesi. Provenzano a giudizio per la strage di Viale Lazio
, Antimafia 2000, 28 March 2007 The attack is known as the Viale Lazio massacre (Lazio Boulevard Massacre). Several top Mafia bosses had decided to eliminate Cavataio on the advice of Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco. Greco had come to subscribe to Buscetta’s theory regarding the initial catalyst for the First Mafia War.Dickie, ''Cosa Nostra'', p. 328 The composition of the hit squad, according to Buscetta, was a clear indication that the killing had been sanctioned collectively by all the major Sicilian Mafia families; not only did it include Calogero Bagarella from Corleone and a member of Stefano Bontate’s family in Palermo, but also a soldier of Giuseppe Di Cristina’s family from Riesi, on the opposite end of Sicily. The Viale Lazio bloodbath marked the end of a ‘ pax mafiosa’ that had reigned since the Ciaculli massacre.

Villabate massacre

In the same day of the massacre of Ciaculli, in Villabate there was another car-bomb attack in which two civilians, Giuseppe Tesauro and Pietro Cannizzaro, died.

Victims

The seven victims of the

massacre A massacre is an event of killing people who are not engaged in hostilities or are defenseless. It is generally used to describe a targeted killing of civilians Glossary of French words and expressions in English#En masse, en masse by an armed ...

were Mario Malausa, Silvio Corrao, Calogero Vaccaro, Eugenio Altomare and Mario Farbelli from the

Carabinieri The Carabinieri (, also , ; formally ''Arma dei Carabinieri'', "Arm of Carabineers"; previously ''Corpo dei Carabinieri Reali'', "Royal Carabineers Corps") are the national gendarmerie of Italy who primarily carry out domestic and foreign poli ...

, and Pasquale Nuccio and Giorgio Ciacci from the

Italian Army The Italian Army ( []) is the Army, land force branch of the Italian Armed Forces. The army's history dates back to the Italian unification in the 1850s and 1860s. The army fought in colonial engagements in China and Italo-Turkish War, Libya. It ...

References

* Dickie, John (2004). ''Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia'', London: Coronet * Jamieson, Alison (2000). ''The Antimafia: Italy’s fight against organized crime'', London: Macmillan, . * Schneider, Jane T. & Peter T. Schneider (2003).
Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the Struggle for Palermo
', Berkeley: University of California Press * Servadio, Gaia (1976). ''Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day'', London: Secker & Warburg * Stille, Alexander (1995). ''Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic'', New York: Vintage,

External links

*
Ciaculli, la strage dimenticata
ilpungolo.com, June 26, 2007 *

La Domenica del Corriere del 21 luglio 1963 {{DEFAULTSORT:Ciaculli massacre Explosions in 1963 History of the Sicilian Mafia Massacres in Italy Conflicts in 1963 Car and truck bombings in Italy Organized crime events in Italy Massacres in 1963 Military history of Palermo 1963 murders in Italy Improvised explosive device bombings in the 1960s 20th-century mass murder in Italy