Churchmanship

Churchmanship (also churchpersonship, or tradition in most official contexts) is a way of talking about and labelling different tendencies, parties, or schools of thought within the Church of England and the sister churches of the Anglican Communion. The term has been used in Lutheranism in a similar fashion.

Anglicanism

In Anglicanism parties can include, from highest to lowest, Anglo-Papalist, Anglo-Catholic, Prayer Book Catholic, Old High/ Center, Broad, Low/Evangelical.

The term is derived from the older noun ''churchman'', which originally meant an ecclesiastic or clergyman but, some while before 1677, it was extended to people who were strong supporters of the Church of England and, by the nineteenth century, was used to distinguish between Anglicans and Dissenters. The word "churchmanship" itself was first used in 1680 to refer to the attitude of these supporters but later acquired its modern meaning. While many Anglicans are content to label their own churchmanship, not all Anglicans would feel happy to be described as anything but "Anglican". Today, in official contexts, the term "tradition" is sometimes preferred.

" High" and " Low", the oldest labels, date from the late seventeenth century and originally described opposing political attitudes to the relation between the Church of England and the civil power. Their meaning shifted as historical settings changed and, towards the end of the nineteenth century, they had come to be used to describe different views on the ceremonies to be used in worship. Shortly after the introduction of the "High/Low" distinction a section of the "Low" Church was nicknamed Latitudinarian because of its relative indifference to doctrinal definition. In the nineteenth century this group gave birth to the Broad Church which, in turn, produced the "Modernist" movement of the first half of the twentieth century. Today, the "parties" are usually thought of as Anglo-Catholics, evangelical Anglicans, and Liberals and, with the exception of "High Church", the remaining terms are mainly used to refer to past history. The precise shades of meaning of any term vary from user to user and mixed descriptions such as liberal-catholic are found. Today "Broad Church" may be used in a sense that differs from the historical one mentioned above and identifies Anglicans who are neither markedly high, nor low/evangelical nor liberal.

It is an Anglican commonplace to say that authority in the church has three sources: Scripture, Reason and Tradition. In general, the Low churchman and the Evangelical tends to put more emphasis upon Scripture, the Broad churchman and the Liberal upon reason and the High churchman or Anglo-Catholic upon tradition. The emphasis on "parties" and differences is necessary but in itself gives an incomplete picture. Cyril Garbett (later Archbishop of York) wrote of his coming to the Diocese of Southwark:

and William Gibson commented that

A traditional poem to describe churchmanship is "Low and Lazy, Broad and Hazy, and High and Crazy." Lazy refers to simpler worship, hazy to unclear tradition or beliefs, and crazy to excessive ceremonialism; but the author of the poem may have been a humorist.

In the United States a "churchman" is a member of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (ECUSA). Usage of the term began in the nineteenth century and has been modified in the twentieth century.

Lutheranism

Lutheranism has traditionally retained cohesiveness due to doctrinal unity on the Book of Concord.

The concept of churchmanship is used in Lutheranism. In Lutheran churches churchmanship can be liberal, pietist, confessional, high church or evangelical Catholic.

There may be overlap between these categories; for example, the Lutheran Church–International (LC–I) is a confessional Lutheran denomination of Evangelical Catholic churchmanship.

Gallery

File:High Altar and Reredos St. Nicholas Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne (geograph 3461076).jpg, Chancel of Newcastle Cathedral (High Church)
File:St Sepulchre without Newgate, Holborn Viaduct, London EC1 - Sanctuary - geograph.org.uk - 1164272.jpg, Altar of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate (Low Church)
File:St Ann's Church Manchester.jpg, Interior of St Ann's Church, Manchester (Broad Church)
File:All Souls Church, Langham Place, London, UK - Diliff.jpg, Interior of All Souls Church, Langham Place (Conservative Evangelical Anglicanism)
File:St Giles Church, Gilesgate, Durham (geograph 2261349).jpg, Interior of St Giles Church, Durham (Central churchmanship)
File:Chancel of All Saints, Margaret Street.jpg, Chancel of All Saints, Margaret Street (Anglo-Catholicism)
File:St. Matthews Chancel.jpg, Chancel of St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church (Evangelical Catholic)
File:Lutheran Church of the Redeemer altar.jpg, Lutheran Church of the Redeemer (High Church)

See also

* Central churchmanship
* Liberal Anglo-Catholicism
* Conservative evangelicalism in Britain
* Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion
* Crypto-papism
* Crypto-Calvinism

References

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Christian terminology