Chula Sakarat

Chula Sakarat or Chulasakarat ( pi, Culāsakaraj; my, ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်, ; km, ចុល្លសករាជ "''Chulasakarach''"; th, จุลศักราช, , , abbrv. จ.ศ. ''Choso'') is a lunisolar calendar derived from the Burmese calendar, whose variants were in use by most mainland Southeast Asian kingdoms down to the late 19th century. The calendar is largely based on an older version of the Hindu calendar though unlike the Indian systems, it employs a version of the Metonic cycle. The calendar therefore has to reconcile the sidereal years of the Hindu calendar with Metonic cycle's tropical years by adding intercalary months and intercalary days on irregular intervals.

Although the name ''Culāsakaraj'' is a generic term meaning "Lesser Era" in Pali, the term ''Chula Sakarat'' is often associated with the various versions of the calendar used in regions that make up modern-day Thailand. The calendar is used in Myanmar and the Sipsong Panna area of China. In Thailand, it is only used in academia for Thai history studies.

Etymology

The name Chula Sakarat is a loan translation from the Thai, which itself is derived from Pali ''culā'' "small" and Sanskrit ''śaka'' + ''rāja'', literally meaning "Scythian king" (the meaning was thought and held to be "era" by some of those having adopted the Indianised culture in Indochina, including the Thais).

In Thailand, this era is used in contrast with the Shalivahana era, commonly known in Southeast Asia as ''Mahāsakaraj'' or the Great or Major Era ( my, မဟာ သက္ကရာဇ်, ; km, មហាសករាជ "''Mohasakarach''"; th, มหาศักราช; ).

History

The calendar was launched in 640 CE in Sri Ksetra Kingdom (in modern Myanmar) with the epochal year 0 date of 22 March 638. It was largely a recalibration of then prevailing Mahasakaraj or Saka Era. It was later adopted by the Pagan Kingdom.Aung-Thwin 2005: 35 According to the Chiang Mai Chronicles and the Chiang Saen Chronicles, Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen and their tributary states of middle and upper Tai country (except Lamphun and Sukhothai) submitted to King Anawrahta and adopted the calendar in the mid-11th century in place of Mahasakaraj, the standard calendar of the Khmer Empire.Oriental 1900: 375–376 However, scholarship says the earliest evidence of Burmese calendar in modern Thailand dates only to mid-13th century.Eade 1989: 11

The use of the calendar appears to have spread southward to the Sukhothai and eastward to Laotian states in the following centuries.Oriental 1900: 375–376 The official adoption farther south by the Ayutthaya Kingdom and farther east by Lan Xang came only after King Bayinnaung's conquests of those kingdoms in the 16th century. Subsequent Siamese kingdoms retained the Burmese calendar as the official calendar under the name of ''Chula Sakarat'' (Culasakaraj) until 1889.Smith 1966: 11

The calendar fell out of use throughout the region in the second half of the 19th century with the advent of European colonialism. The only remaining independent state Siam too dropped the calendar on 1 April 1889 per King Chulalongkorn (Rama V)'s decree. It was replaced by Rattanakosin Era. Today, the calendar is used purely for cultural and religious festivals in Myanmar. Thailand has moved on to its own version of Buddhist calendar since 1941 although the Chula Sakarat era dates remain the most commonly used and preferred form of entry by the academia for Thai history studies.Eade 1989: 11

Differences

Nomenclature

Month numbering

Various regional versions of Chula Sakarat/Burmese calendar existed across various regions of mainland Southeast Asia. Unlike Burmese systems, Sipsong Panna, Kengtung, Lan Na, Lan Xang and Sukhothai systems refer to the months by numbers, not by names . This means reading ancient texts and inscriptions in Thailand requires constant vigilance, not just in making sure one is correctly operating for the correct region, but also for variations within regions itself when incursions cause a variation in practice.Eade 1989: 9–10 However, Cambodian (Khmer) month system, which begins with Margasirsa as the first month, demonstrated precisely by the names and numbers.

Note: The Sukhothai and Lan Xang numbering systems and the now abandoned Burmese numbering system are the same.Eade 1995: 28–29

Animal names

Cambodian and Thai systems give animal names to the years from a cycle of 12.Eade 1995: 22 The practice also existed in BurmaLuce 1970: 330 but had died out by the 17th century. In March 1638, King Thalun of Burma rejected the proposal by King Prasat Thong of Siam to change the animal names of the calendar months because the animal naming system was no longer in use in Burma.Rong 1986: 70

Calculation methodology

Chula Sakarat, like the Burmese calendar, was largely based on the Hindu calendar, an older version of '' Surya Siddhanta''. However, unlike Hindu calendar, it also uses a 19-year Metonic cycle. In order to reconcile the sidereal months of Hindu calendar with Metonic cycle's solar years, the calendar inserts intercalary months and days on some schedule.Ohashi 2001: 398–399

Intercalation

The Siamese system uses three similar but not identical types of lunar years used by the Burmese system. Each calendar has the same regular year of 354 days and a leap year of 384 days. However, whereas the Burmese calendar adds the intercalary day only in a leap cycle according to its Metonic cycle, the Siamese calendar adds the intercalary day to a regular year. The Siamese calendar does add the extra day in the same place (Jyestha/Nayon), however.Eade 1989: 20

Length of the year

Down to the mid-19th century, the Burmese calendar and its Siamese cousin both used the ''Surya'' method. But between 1840 and 1853, Konbaung Dynasty switched to what it believed was a more accurate method called ''Thandeikta'' (a hybrid of the old ''Surya'' and an updated version of ''Surya'' from India). Thandeikta introduced a slightly longer solar year (0.56 second a year longer than the old system) and a slightly longer lunar month that produces a smaller gap between the two. However, it has turned out that the new system is actually slightly ''less'' accurate (0.56 second a year) than the old system in terms of the drift from the scientifically measured tropical year. At any rate, the old and the new systems are 23 minutes 50.8704 seconds and 23 minutes 51.4304 seconds respectively ahead of the actual tropical year. The error continues to mount.Irwin 1909: 26–27

Metonic cycle

Since the Thandeikta system not only does not solve but actually increases the accumulating drift issue, Burmese calendarists have resorted to periodically modifying the intercalation schedule of the Metonic cycle, starting in 1839 CE, using apparent reckoning. The fixed Metonic cycle remained in place in Siam.

See also

* Buddhist calendar
* Burmese calendar
* Saka Era
* Thai lunar calendar

References

Bibliography

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{{Calendars

Burmese culture
Calendar eras
Thai culture