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''Chrysolina'' is a large
Fauna europaea
Biolib
''Chrysolina'' is a large genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of leaf beetle
The beetle family Chrysomelidae, commonly known as leaf beetles, includes over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making it one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous s ...
s in the subfamily Chrysomelinae
The Chrysomelinae are a subfamily of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), commonly known as broad-bodied leaf beetles or broad-shouldered leaf beetles. It includes some 3,000 species around the world.
The best-known member is the notorious Colorado pot ...
. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduced species
An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived ther ...
in Australia.
The species ''Chrysolina cerealis
''Chrysolina cerealis'', the rainbow leaf beetle or Snowdon beetle, is a beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.
Subspecies
Subspecies within this genus include:
* ''Chrysolina cerealis cerealis'' (Linnaeus, 1767) (Central and Western Euro ...
'' and '' C. graminis'' are protected in the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
. All species of ''Chrysolina'' are phytophagous
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically evolved to feed on plants, especially upon vascular tissues such as foliage, fruits or seeds, as the main component of its diet (nutrition), diet. These more broadly also encompass an ...
, feeding on specific food plants, and some of them have been used for biological control of weeds. To control ''Hypericum perforatum
''Hypericum perforatum'', commonly known as St. John's wort (sometimes perforate St. John's wort or common St. John's wort), is a flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae. It is a hairless, Perennial, perennial herb with woody Root, roots, y ...
'' (St John's wort), '' C. hyperici'' was successfully naturalized in Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...
in the 1930sWilfred William Robbins, Alden Springer Crafts. ''Weed Control: A Textbook and Manual''. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1962. P. 137, 155, 162. and several species, especially '' C. quadrigemina'', were introduced to California
California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
in the late 1940s.Richard E. White. ''A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. . P. 296.
Systematic classification of European species
*OrderColeoptera
Beetles are insects that form the Taxonomic rank, order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Holometabola. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 40 ...
*:Suborder Polyphaga
Polyphaga is the largest and most diverse suborder of beetles. It comprises 144 families in 16 superfamilies, and displays an enormous variety of specialization and adaptation, with over 350,000 described species, or approximately 90% of the b ...
*::Superfamily Chrysomeloidea
The Chrysomeloidea are an enormous superfamily of beetles, with tens of thousands of species. The largest families are Cerambycidae, long-horned beetles, with more than 35,000 species, and Chrysomelidae, leaf beetles, with more than 13,000 speci ...
Latreille, 1802
*:::Family Chrysomelidae
The beetle family Chrysomelidae, commonly known as leaf beetles, includes over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making it one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous s ...
Latreille, 1802
*::::Subfamily Chrysomelinae
The Chrysomelinae are a subfamily of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), commonly known as broad-bodied leaf beetles or broad-shouldered leaf beetles. It includes some 3,000 species around the world.
The best-known member is the notorious Colorado pot ...
Latreille, 1802
*:::::Genus ''Chrysolina'' Motschulsky
Victor Ivanovich Motschulsky, sometimes Victor von Motschulsky (Russian: Виктор Иванович Мочульский; 11 April 1810, St. Petersburg – 5 June 1871, Simferopol) was a Russian entomologist mainly interested in beetles.
Mo ...
, 1860
*::::::Subgenus '' Allochrysolina''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina fuliginosa'' (Olivier
Olivier is the French form of the given name Oliver. It may refer to:
* Olivier (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Olivier (surname), a list of people
* Château Olivier, a Bordeaux winery
*Olivier, Louisiana, a rural popula ...
, 1807)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina lepida'' (Olivier
Olivier is the French form of the given name Oliver. It may refer to:
* Olivier (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Olivier (surname), a list of people
* Château Olivier, a Bordeaux winery
*Olivier, Louisiana, a rural popula ...
1807)
*::::::Subgenus ''Anopachys''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina aurichalcea'' ( Mannerheim, 1825)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina eurina'' ( Frivaldszky, 1883)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina relucens'' (Rosenhauer, 1847)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina schatzmayri'' (Muller, 1916)
*::::::Subgenus ''Arctolina''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina septentrionalis'' (Menetries, 1851)
*::::::Subgenus ''Bechynia''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina milleri'' (Weise, 1884)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina philotesia'' Daccordi & Ruffo, 1980
*:::::::'' Chrysolina platypoda'' ( Bechyné, 1950)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina substrangulata'' Bourdonne, 1986
*::::::Subgenus ''Bittotaenia''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina salviae'' ( Germar, 1824)
*::::::Subgenus ''Cecchiniola''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina platyscelidina'' (Jacobson, 1898)
*::::::Subgenus ''Centoptera''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina bicolor'' (Fabricius Fabricius (, ) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*people from the Ancient Roman Fabricia gens, gens Fabricia:
**Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, the first of the Fabricii to move to Rome
* Johann Goldsmid (1587–1616), known by his ...
, 1775)
*::::::Subgenus ''Chalcoidea''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina analis'' (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1767)
*:::::::''Chrysolina carnifex
''Chrysolina'' is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduce ...
'' (Fabricius Fabricius (, ) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*people from the Ancient Roman Fabricia gens, gens Fabricia:
**Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, the first of the Fabricii to move to Rome
* Johann Goldsmid (1587–1616), known by his ...
, 1792)
*::::::::''Chrysolina carnifex melanaria'' (Suffrian, 1851)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina cinctipennis'' (Harold, 1874)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina curvilinea'' (Weise, 1884)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina hyrcana'' (Weise, 1884)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina interstincta'' (Suffrian, 1851)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina marginata'' (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...
)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina taygetana'' Bechyné, 1952
*::::::Subgenus ''Chrysolina''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina bankii'' (Fabricius Fabricius (, ) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*people from the Ancient Roman Fabricia gens, gens Fabricia:
**Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, the first of the Fabricii to move to Rome
* Johann Goldsmid (1587–1616), known by his ...
, 1775)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina costalis'' (Olivier
Olivier is the French form of the given name Oliver. It may refer to:
* Olivier (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Olivier (surname), a list of people
* Château Olivier, a Bordeaux winery
*Olivier, Louisiana, a rural popula ...
, 1807)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina fortunata'' ( Wollaston, 1864)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina obsoleta'' (Brulle, 1838)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina rufa'' (Duftschmid, 1825)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina staphylaea'' (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...
)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina wollastoni'' Bechyné, 1957
*::::::Subgenus ''Chrysomorpha''
*:::::::''Chrysolina cerealis
''Chrysolina cerealis'', the rainbow leaf beetle or Snowdon beetle, is a beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.
Subspecies
Subspecies within this genus include:
* ''Chrysolina cerealis cerealis'' (Linnaeus, 1767) (Central and Western Euro ...
'' (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1767)
*::::::Subgenus ''Colaphodes''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina haemoptera'' (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...
)
*::::::Subgenus ''Colaphoptera''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina globosa'' (Panzer
{{CatAutoTOC, numerals=no
Words and phrases
Germanic words and phrases
Words and phrases by language
la:Categoria:Verba Theodisca ...
, 1805)
*:::::::''Chrysolina pliginskii
''Chrysolina'' is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduce ...
'' (Reitter, 1913)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina purpurascens'' ( Germar, 1822)
*::::::Subgenus ''Colaphosoma''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina sturmi'' (Westhoff, 1882)
*::::::Subgenus ''Craspeda''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina jenisseiensis'' (Breit, 1920)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina limbata'' (Fabricius Fabricius (, ) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*people from the Ancient Roman Fabricia gens, gens Fabricia:
**Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, the first of the Fabricii to move to Rome
* Johann Goldsmid (1587–1616), known by his ...
, 1775)
*::::::Subgenus ''Cyrtochrysolina''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina marcasitica'' ( Germar, 1824)
*::::::Subgenus ''Erythrochrysa''
*:::::::''Chrysolina polita
''Chrysolina polita'', the polished leaf beetle, is a species of Chrysomelidae, leaf beetle native to Europe.Warchalowski, A. (2003) ''Chrysomelidae. The Leaf-beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean Area''. Warsawa: Natura Optima Dux.
References ...
'' (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...
)
*::::::Subgenus ''Euchrysolina''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina graminis'' (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...
)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina virgata'' (Motschulsky
Victor Ivanovich Motschulsky, sometimes Victor von Motschulsky (Russian: Виктор Иванович Мочульский; 11 April 1810, St. Petersburg – 5 June 1871, Simferopol) was a Russian entomologist mainly interested in beetles.
Mo ...
, 1860)
*::::::Subgenus ''Heliostola''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina carpathica'' (Fuss, 1856)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina lichenis'' (Richter, 1820)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina schneideri'' (Weise, 1882)
*::::::Subgenus ''Hypericia''
*:::::::''Chrysolina brunsvicensis
''Chrysolina brunsvicensis'' is a species of leaf beetle in the genus ''Chrysolina''. It is associated with plants of the genus ''Hypericum
''Hypericum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family (biology), family Hypericaceae (formerly c ...
'' (Gravenhorst, 1807)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina corcyria'' (Suffrian, 1851)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina cuprina'' (Duftschmid, 1825)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina didymata'' (Scriba, 1791)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina geminata'' (Paykull, 1799)
*:::::::''Chrysolina hyperici
''Chrysolina hyperici'', the Saint John's wort beetle is a species of beetles of the family Chrysomelidae.
Life cycle
The species lays up to 2,000 eggs on the host plant during the early fall. They lay their eggs on the undersides of leaves of ...
'' (Forster, 1771)
*:::::::''Chrysolina quadrigemina
''Chrysolina quadrigemina'' is a species of beetle of the family Chrysomelidae.
The species was described by Christian Wilhelm Ludwig Eduard Suffrian in 1851. It is native to Europe and North Africa.
It feeds on ''Hypericum perforatum'' and ot ...
'' (Suffrian, 1851)
*::::::Subgenus ''Maenadochrysa''
*:::::::''Chrysolina affinis
''Chrysolina'' is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduce ...
'' (Fabricius Fabricius (, ) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*people from the Ancient Roman Fabricia gens, gens Fabricia:
**Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, the first of the Fabricii to move to Rome
* Johann Goldsmid (1587–1616), known by his ...
, 1787)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina aveyronenesis'' Bechyné, 1950
*:::::::'' Chrysolina baetica'' (Suffrian, 1851)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina femoralis'' (Olivier
Olivier is the French form of the given name Oliver. It may refer to:
* Olivier (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Olivier (surname), a list of people
* Château Olivier, a Bordeaux winery
*Olivier, Louisiana, a rural popula ...
, 1790)
*::::::Subgenus ''Melasomoptera''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina grossa'' (Fabricius Fabricius (, ) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*people from the Ancient Roman Fabricia gens, gens Fabricia:
**Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, the first of the Fabricii to move to Rome
* Johann Goldsmid (1587–1616), known by his ...
, 1792)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina lucida'' (Olivier
Olivier is the French form of the given name Oliver. It may refer to:
* Olivier (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Olivier (surname), a list of people
* Château Olivier, a Bordeaux winery
*Olivier, Louisiana, a rural popula ...
, 1807)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina lutea'' (Petagna, 1819)
*::::::Subgenus ''Mimophaedon''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina pourtoyi'' Bourdonne, 1996
*::::::Subgenus ''Ovosoma''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina atrovirens'' ( Frivaldszky, 1876)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina cretica'' (Olivier
Olivier is the French form of the given name Oliver. It may refer to:
* Olivier (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Olivier (surname), a list of people
* Château Olivier, a Bordeaux winery
*Olivier, Louisiana, a rural popula ...
, 1807)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina halysa'' Bechyné, 1950
*:::::::'' Chrysolina orientalis'' (Olivier
Olivier is the French form of the given name Oliver. It may refer to:
* Olivier (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Olivier (surname), a list of people
* Château Olivier, a Bordeaux winery
*Olivier, Louisiana, a rural popula ...
, 1807)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina rhodia'' Bechyné, 1950
*:::::::'' Chrysolina sahlbergi'' (Menetries, 1832)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina susterai'' Bechyné, 1950
*:::::::'' Chrysolina turca'' (Fairmaire, 1865)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina vernalis'' (Brulle, 1832)
*::::::Subgenus ''Ovostoma''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina globipennis'' (Suffrian, 1851)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina olivieri'' (Bedel, 1892)
*::::::Subgenus ''Palaeosticta''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina diluta'' ( Germar, 1824)
*::::::Subgenus ''Rhyssoloma''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina fragariae'' ( Wollaston, 1854)
*::::::Subgenus ''Sphaerochrysolina''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina umbratilis'' (Weise, 1887)
*::::::Subgenus ''Sphaeromela''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina varians'' (Schaller, 1783)
*::::::Subgenus ''Stichoptera''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina colasi'' (Cobos, 1952)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina grancanariensis'' (Lindberg, 1953)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina gypsophilae'' (Kuster, 1845)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina latecincta'' (Demaison, 1896)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina kuesteri'' (Helliesen, 1912)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina lucidicollis'' (Kuster, 1845)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina mactata'' (Fairmaire, 1859)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina rossia'' (Illiger, 1802)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina sanguinolenta'' (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...
)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina stachydis'' (Gene, 1839)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina variolosa'' (Petagna, 1819)
*::::::Subgenus ''Sulcicollis''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina chalcites'' ( Germar, 1824)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina oricalcia'' (Muller O. F., 1776)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina peregrina'' (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1839)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina rufoaenea'' (Suffrian, 1851)
*::::::Subgenus ''Synerga''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba, 1791)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina herbacea'' (Duftschmid, 1825)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina suffriani'' (Fairmaire, 1859)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina viridana'' (Kuster, 1844)
*::::::Subgenus ''Taeniochrysea''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina americana'' (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...
)
*::::::Subgenus ''Taeniosticha''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina reitteri'' (Weise, 1884)
*::::::Subgenus ''Threnosoma''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina cribrosa'' (Ahrens, 1812)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina fimbrialis'' (Kuster, 1845)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina helopioides'' (Suffrian, 1851)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina inflata'' (Weise, 1916)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina joliveti'' Bechyné, 1950
*:::::::'' Chrysolina obenbergeri'' Bechyné, 1950
*:::::::'' Chrysolina obscurella'' (Suffrian, 1851)
*:::::::''Chrysolina osellai
''Chrysolina'' is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduce ...
'' (Daccordi & Ruffo, 1979)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina tagana'' (Suffrian, 1851)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina timarchoides'' (Brisout, 1882)
*:::::::'' Chrysolina weisei'' ( Frivaldszky, 1883)
*::::::Subgenus ''Timarchida''
*:::::::'' Chrysolina deubeli'' (Ganglbauer, 1897)
See also
* List of Chrysolina speciesReferences
Fauna europaea
Biolib
External links
* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1318293 Chrysomelinae Chrysomelidae genera Taxa named by Victor Motschulsky