The Chrysauginae are a subfamily of snout moths (

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Pyralidae). They are primarily

Neotropical The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bi ...

and include about 400 described species.

Description and ecology

The subfamily includes the sloth moths (genera '' Cryptoses'', ''

Bradypodicola ''Bradypodicola hahneli'' is a sloth moth in the family Pyralidae that lives exclusively in the fur of the pale-throated three-toed sloth (''Bradypus tridactylus''), a three-toed sloth found in South America. It is the only species of the genus ...

'' and ''

Bradypophila ''Bradypophila'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by R. v. Ihering in 1914, and contains the species ''Bradypophila garbei''. It is found in Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese ...

''). The

caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larva, larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterfly, butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawfly ...

larvae of these species feed on the dung of

sloth Sloths are a group of Neotropical xenarthran mammals constituting the suborder Folivora, including the extant arboreal tree sloths and extinct terrestrial ground sloths. Noted for their slowness of movement, tree sloths spend most of their li ...

s, and adults live in the sloths' fur. Other unusual Chrysauginae caterpillars have been found in Hymenoptera nests and on the spines of caterpillars of the

brush-footed butterfly The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species have a red ...

genus ''

Automeris ''Automeris'' is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae and the subfamily Hemileucinae. As of 1996 there were 124 species, and more have since been described.Balcázar-Lara, M. A. (2000)"A new ''Automeris'' from the Manantlan Reserve in Mexic ...

''. But usually, their larvae feed on plants, boring into seed, fruits, stems and roots, or rolling and spinning leaves together to form a hideout. While the adults are fairly nondescript, Chrysauginae larvae can usually be recognized unequivocally by the

sclerotised Sclerotin is a component of the cuticle of various Arthropoda, most familiarly insects. It is formed by cross-linking members of particular classes of protein molecules, a biochemical process called sclerotization, a form of tanning in which qu ...

ring around

seta In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms. Animal setae Protostomes Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. T ...

SD1 of the metathorax.

Systematics

In 1995, Solis et al. compiled a checklist of Chrysauginae for the Western Hemisphere. However, phylogenetic analyses have not been conducted. Shaffer et al. tentatively placed four Australian genera in the subfamily in 1996; research on the adults failed to support this, and larvae are unknown. *''

Abaera ''Abaera'' is a genus of moths of the family Pyralidae The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classification ...

'' Walker, 1859 *''

Acallidia ''Acallidia'' is a monotypic moth genus of the family Pyralidae The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) class ...

'' Schaus, 1913 *''

Acallis ''Acallis'' is a genus of moths of the family Pyralidae The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classificatio ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *''

Acutia ''Acutia'' is a monotypic moth genus of the family Pyralidae The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classi ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *''

Adenopteryx ''Adenopteryx'' is a monotypic moth genus of the family Pyralidae. It contains only one species, ''Adenopteryx conchyliatalis'', which is found in Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_cap ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *''

Ahyalosticta ''Ahyalosticta'' is a monotypic moth genus of the family Pyralidae described by Hans Georg Amsel Hans Georg Amsel (29 March 1905 – 20 October 1999) was a German entomologist with four publications ranging from 1951 to 1962. His home town was C ...

'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Anassodes'' Turner, 1932 *''

Anemosa ''Anemosa'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Francis Walker, in 1859, and is known from Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of th ...

'' Walker, 1859 (= ''Drymiarcha'' Meyrick, 1885) *''

Anemosella ''Anemosella'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. Species *'' Anemosella basalis'' Dyar, 1914 *''Anemosella nevalis ''Anemosella nevalis'' is a species of snout moth in the genus '' Anemosella''. It ...

'' Dyar, 1914 (= ''Balidarcha'' Dyar, 1914) *'' Anisothrix'' Ragonot, 1891 *''

Arbinia ''Arbinia'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Heinrich Benno Möschler, in 1881, and contains the species ''Arbinia todilla''. It is found in Suriname. The wingspan The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the d ...

'' Möschler, 1881 *''

Area Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a region on the plane or on a curved surface. The area of a plane region or ''plane area'' refers to the area of a shape or planar lamina, while ''surface area'' refers to the area of an open su ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Arouva'' Walker, 1864 *''

Arta Arta, ARTA, or Artà may refer to: Places Djibouti * Arta, Djibouti, a regional capital city in southeastern Djibouti * Arta Mountains, a mountain range in Djibouti * Arta Region, Djibouti Greece * Arta, Greece, a regional capital city in northwes ...

'' Grote, 1875 (= ''Xantippides'' Dyar, 1908) *'' Azamora'' Walker, 1858 (= ''Amblyura'' Lederer, 1863, ''Arica'' Walker, 1863, ''Thylacophora'' Ragonot, 1891, ''Torda'' Walker, 1863) *'' Basacallis'' Cashatt, 1969 *'' Bisinusia'' Amsel, 1956 *''

Blepharocerus ''Blepharocerus'' is a genus of Pyralidae, snout moths. It was described by Charles Émile Blanchard in 1852, and is known from Trinidad. Species * ''Blepharocerus chilensis'' Zeller, 1874 * ''Blepharocerus ignitalis'' Hampson, 1906 * ''Blepharoc ...

'' C. É. Blanchard, 1852 (= ''Blepharocorus'' C. É. Blanchard, 1852) *''

Bonchis ''Bonchis'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Francis Walker in 1862, and is known from Trinidad and Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both ...

'' Walker, 1862 (= ''Ethnistis'' Lederer, 1863, ''Gazaca'' Walker, 1866, ''Vurna'' Walker, 1866, ''Zarania'' Walker, 1866) *''

'' Spuler, 1906 *''

'' Ihering, 1914 *'' Callasopia'' Möschler, 1890 *''

Caphys ''Caphys'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863, who designated the type species as ''Caphys bilinea'', a junior synonym for ''Caphys bilineata''. Further information on the creature can be done througBugGuidewhe ...

'' Walker, 1863 (= ''Euexippe'' Ragonot, 1891, ''Ugra'' Walker, 1863) *'' Cappsia'' Pastrana, 1953 *''

Carcha ''Carcha'' is a genus of Pyralidae, snout moths. It was described by Francis Walker (entomologist), Francis Walker in 1859, and is known from the Dominican Republic and Venezuela. Species * ''Carcha hersilialis'' Walker, 1859 * ''Carcha undulatal ...

'' Walker, 1859 (= ''Coeloma'' Möschler, 1890) *'' Casuaria'' Walker, 1866 (= ''Saccopleura'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Catadupa'' Walker, 1863 *'' Chenevadia'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Chrysauge'' Hübner, 1823 (= ''Candisa'' Walker, 1866) *'' Chrysophila'' Hübner, 1831 (= ''Eurypta'' Lederer, 1863) *''

Clydonopteron ''Clydonopteron'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Norman Denbigh Riley in 1880. Species *'' Clydonopteron pomponius'' H. Druce, 1895 *''Clydonopteron sacculana ''Clydonopteron sacculana'', the trumpet vine moth, is a species of ...

'' N. D. Riley, 1880 *''

Condylolomia ''Condylolomia'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. Species *'' Condylolomia metapachys'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Condylolomia participalis'' Grote, 1873 References Chrysauginae Pyralidae genera

'' Grote, 1873 (= ''Cordylolomia'' Rye, 1875) *'' Craftsia'' Dyar, 1914 *''

Cromarcha ''Cromarcha'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. (February 14, 1866 – January 21, 1929) was an American entomologist. Dyar's Law, a pattern of geometric progression in the growth of ...

'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Cryptoses'' Dyar, 1908 *''

Cyclidalis ''Cyclidalis'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by George Hampson in 1906, and contains the species ''Cyclidalis chrysealis''. It is found in the Brazilian state of São Paulo.Cyclopalpia'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Dastira'' Walker, 1859 *'' Dasycnemia'' Ragonot, 1891 (= ''Hyalosticta'' Hampson, 1897, ''Potosa'' Capps, 1952) *'' Deopteryx'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Derbeta'' Walker, 1866 *''

Diloxis ''Diloxis'' is a monotypic snout moth genus. It was described by George Hampson in 1897, and contains the species ''Diloxis ochriplaga''. It is found in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro.Distortia ''Distortia'' is a monotypic snout moth genus. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1956, and contains the species ''Distortia minimalis''. It is found in Venezuela.Drepanodia'' Ragonot, 1892 *'' Eobrena'' Dyar, 1914 *''

Epidelia ''Epidelia'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Ragonot in 1891, and contains the species ''E. viridalis''. It is found in Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Pa ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Epiparachma'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Epitamyra'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Erioptycha'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Eupilocera'' Dognin, 1909 *''

Galasa ''Galasa'' is a genus of Pyralidae, snout moths. It was described by Francis Walker (entomologist), Francis Walker in 1866. Species * ''Galasa belliculalis'' Dyar, 1914 * ''Galasa concordalis'' Dyar, 1913 * ''Galasa costalis'' Dyar, 1913 * ''Gala ...

'' Walker, 1866 (= ''Cordylopeza'' Zeller, 1873) *''

Galasodes ''Galasodes'' is a monotypic snout moth genus described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1956. Its only species, ''Galasodes nervosella'', described by the same author, is found in Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Ve ...

'' Amsel, 1956 *''

Gephyra ''Gephyra'' is a genus of Pyralidae, snout moths. It was described by Francis Walker (entomologist), Francis Walker in 1859.Gephyrella ''Gephyrella'' is a monotypic snout moth genus. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. (February 14, 1866 – January 21, 1929) was an American entomologist. Dyar's Law, a pattern of geometric progression in the gr ...

'' Dyar, 1914 *''

Hednotodes ''Hednotodes'' is a genus of moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximate ...

'' Lower, 1893 (= ''Calliphlycta'' Hampson, 1918) *''

Heliades In Greek mythology, the Heliades (Ancient Greek: Ἡλιάδες means 'daughters of the sun') also called Phaethontides (meaning "daughters of Phaethon") were the daughters of Helios and Clymene, an Oceanid nymph. Names According to one v ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *''

Heterauge ''Heterauge'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by George Hampson in 1906, and contains the species ''Heterauge sarcalis''. It is found in Brazil.Holoperas ''Holoperas'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by William Warren in 1891.Humiphila ''Humiphila'' is a monotypic snout moth genus. It was described by V. O. Becker in 1974, and contains the species ''Humiphila paleolivacea''. It is found in Costa Rica Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic ...

'' Becker, 1974 *''

Hyperparachma ''Hyperparachma'' is a genus of Pyralidae, snout moths. It was described by William Warren (entomologist), William Warren in 1891. Species * ''Hyperparachma bursarialis'' (Walker, 1866) * ''Hyperparachma congrualis'' (Amsel, 1956) References

...

'' Warren, 1891 (= ''Parachmopsis'' Amsel, 1956) *'' Hypocosmia'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Idnea'' Herrich-Schäffer, 1858 (= ''Auchoteles'' Zeller, 1877, ''Corybissa'' Walker, 1863, ''Uzeda'' Walker, 1863) *'' Idneodes'' Ragonot, 1892 *'' Itambe'' Ragonot, 1892 *''

Lepidomys ''Lepidomys'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1852.Lophopleura ''Lophopleura'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Émile Louis Ragonot Émile Louis Ragonot (12 October 1843 – 13 October 1895) was a French entomologist. In 1885, he became president of the ''Société entomologique de France' ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *''

Lophopleuropsis ''Lophopleuropsis'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1956, and contains the species ''Lophopleuropsis flavostrialis''. It is found in Venezuela.Martiniodes'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Megacaphys'' Hampson, 1916 *''

Michaelshaffera ''Michaelshaffera'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Maria Alma Solis Maria Alma Solis is a entomologist at the Systematic Entomology Laboratory (SEL) of the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agri ...

'' Solis, 1998 *'' Microrca'' Amsel, 1956 *''

Microsauge ''Microsauge'' is a monotypic Pyralidae, snout moth genus containing only the species ''Microsauge bistrialis''. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1956. It is found in Venezuela. References

Taxa named by Hans Georg Amsel Chrysaugina ...

'' Amsel, 1956 *''

Microzancla ''Microzancla'' is a monotypic snout moth genus. Its single species, ''Microzancla ignitalis'', was described by George Hampson in 1897. It is found in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally ...

'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Mimetauge'' Munroe, 1970 *'' Monoloxis'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Murgisca'' Walker, 1863 (= ''Pachymorphus'' Möschler, 1890) *'' Myolisa'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Nachaba'' Walker, 1859 (= ''Ascha'' Walker, 1864) *'' Navura'' Schaus, 1913 *''

Negalasa ''Negalasa'' is a monotypic snout moth genus (family Pyralidae). Its one species, ''Negalasa fumalis'', is found in the US state of Arizona. Both the genus and species were described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1913 in the ...

'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1913 *''

Neocaphys ''Neocaphys'' is a monotypic snout moth genus. Its only species, ''Neocaphys purpuralis'', was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1956. It is found in Venezuela.Ocoba ''Ocoba'' is a monotypic snout moth genus. Its one species, ''Ocoba melanophila'', was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. (February 14, 1866 – January 21, 1929) was an American entomologist. Dyar's Law, a pattern of ...

'' Dyar, 1914 *''

Ocresia ''Ocresia'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Émile Louis Ragonot Émile Louis Ragonot (12 October 1843 – 13 October 1895) was a French entomologist. In 1885, he became president of the ''Société entomologique de France''. ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *''

Oectoperodes ''Oectoperodes'' is a monotypic snout moth genus. Its only species, ''Oectoperodes rufitinctalis'', was described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1892. It is found in Brazil. References Moths described in 1892 Chrysauginae Monotypic moth ge ...

'' Ragonot, 1892 *'' Oedmatodes'' Ragonot, 1892 (= ''Oedematodes'' Hampson, 1897) *''

Ophias ''Ophias'' is a monotypic snout moth genus. Its only species, ''Ophias albiundalis'', was described by Émile Louis Ragonot in February 1891. It is found in Pernambuco, Brazil.Oryctopleura ''Oryctopleura'' is a monotypic snout moth genus. Its only species, ''Oryctopleura arcuatalis'', was described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1891. It is found in Brazil.Pachypalpia'' Hampson, 1895 *'' Pachypodistes'' Hampson, 1905 (= ''Conotambe'' Dyar, 1914) *''

Parachma ''Parachma'' is a genus of snout moths. This genus is allied to '' Caphys'' Walker, 1863 ''Acallis'' Ragonot, 1891 and '' Zabobar'' Dyar, 1914. Species * '' Parachma atripunctalis'' Hampson 1906 * '' Parachma dilutior'' Rothschild 1913 * '' ...

'' Walker, 1866 (= ''Artopsis'' Dyar, 1908, ''Perseistis'' Strand, 1921, ''Perseis'' Ragonot, 1891, ''Zazaca'' Walker, 1866) *'' Paragalasa'' Cashatt, 1969 *'' Paramacna'' Warren, 1889 (= ''Acroppterygella'' Strand, 1917, ''Acropterygella'' Neave, 1939, ''Acropteryx'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Parasopia'' Möschler, 1890 *'' Paridnea'' Ragonot, 1892 (= ''Batia'' Walker, 1867) *'' Passelgis'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Pelasgis'' Ragonot, 1891 *''

Penthesilea Penthesilea ( el, Πενθεσίλεια, Penthesíleia) was an Amazonian queen in Greek mythology, the daughter of Ares and Otrera and the sister of Hippolyta, Antiope and Melanippe. She assisted Troy in the Trojan War, during which she w ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Pionidia'' Hampson, 1897 *''

Plagerepne ''Plagerepne'' is a Monotypic taxon, monotypic genus of moths in the family Nolidae. It has been listed as a genus in the families Noctuidae and Pyralidae Polloccia ''Acallis'' is a genus of moths of the family Pyralidae. Species *''Acallis alticolalis'' (Dyar, 1910) *''Acallis amblytalis'' (Dyar, 1914) *''Acallis gripalis'' (Hulst, 1886) *''Acallis xantippe ''Acallis xantippe'' is a species of snout m ...

'' Dyar, 1910 (= ''Pollocia'' Neave, 1940) *'' Polyterpnes'' Turner, 1932 *'' Protrichia'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Psectrodes'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Pyrauge'' Hampson, 1906 *'' Pyraustodes'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Quadrischistis'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Ramphidium'' Geyer in Hübner, 1837 (= ''Acrodegmia'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Rhynchotosale'' Hampson, 1916 *'' Rucuma'' Walker, 1863 *'' Salobrena'' Walker, 1863 (= ''Ballonicha'' Möschler, 1886, ''Oectoperia'' Zeller, 1875, ''Salobrana'' Fernald, 1902, ''Teucronoma'' Meyrick, 1936) *'' Samcova'' Walker, 1863 *'' Sanguesa'' Walker, 1863 *'' Sarcistis'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Satole'' Dyar, 1908 *'' Schistoneura'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Semnia'' Hübner, 1823 (= ''Acronolepia'' Westwood, 1835, ''Episemnia'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Speosia'' Schaus, 1913 *'' Sthenobaea'' Ragonot, 1891 (= ''Parabaera'' Dognin, 1904, ''Sthenauge'' Hampson, 1906) *'' Streptopalpia'' Hampson, 1895 *'' Tamyra'' Herrich-Schäffer, 1858 (= ''Lametia'' Walker, 1859, ''Tamyrodes'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Tetraschistis'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Tharsanthes'' Meyrick, 1936 *'' Thermotesia'' Hampson, 1916 *'' Tippecoa'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Torotambe'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Tosale'' Walker, 1863 (= ''Fabatana'' Walker, 1866, ''Restidia'' Dyar, 1914, ''Siparocera'' Grote, 1875, ''Callocera'' Grote, 1875, ''Siparocera'' Robinson, 1876, ''Uliosoma'' Warren, 1891) *'' Ungulopsis'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Voglia'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Xantippe'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Zaboba'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Zamanna'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Zanclodes'' Ragonot, 1891

References

* Savela, Markku (2011)
Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms: Chrysauginae
Version of March 7, 2011. Retrieved May, 2011. * Solis, M. Alma (2007): Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). '' Revista Colombiana de Entomología'' 33(1): 1–8 nglish with Spanish abstractbr>HTML fulltext
{{Taxonbar, from=Q5114571 Pyralidae of South America Moths of South America Moth subfamilies *