Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of

chromosome A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most import ...

s in

human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are Hominidae, great apes characterized by their Prehistory of nakedness and clothing ...

s. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 61.7 million

base pair A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA ...

s, the building material of

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of al ...

. It is considered the most gene-rich chromosome containing roughly 1,500 genes, despite accounting for only 2 percent of the human genome.

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 19. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation, their predictions of the

number of genes In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: prote ...

on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see

gene prediction In computational biology, gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes. This includes protein-coding genes as well as RNA genes, but may also include prediction of other functio ...

). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project ( CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.

Gene list

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 19. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

Short arm

Long arm

Diseases and disorders

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 19: * Alternating hemiplegia of childhood *

Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems wit ...

CADASIL CADASIL or CADASIL syndrome, involving cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, is the most common form of hereditary stroke disorder and is thought to be caused by mutations of the '' NOTCH3'' gen ...

* Centronuclear myopathy autosomal dominant form * Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease * Congenital hearing loss *

Congenital hypothyroidism Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth. If untreated for several months after birth, severe congenital hypothyroidism can lead to growth failure and permanent intellectual disability. Infants born with co ...

* Donohue syndrome * Familial hemiplegic migraine * Glutaric acidemia type 1 *

Hemochromatosis Iron overload is the abnormal and increased accumulation of total iron in the body, leading to organ damage. The primary mechanism of organ damage is oxidative stress, as elevated intracellular iron levels increase free radical formation via the ...

* HUPRA syndrome * Leber congenital amaurosis *

Maple syrup urine disease Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize amino acids due to a deficiency in the activity of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) complex. It parti ...

* Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia *

Myotonic dystrophy Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a type of muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle loss and weakness. In DM, muscles are often myotonia, unable to relax after contraction. Other manifestations may include catarac ...

* Myotubular myopathy autosomal dominant form *

Oligodendroglioma Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a oligodendrocyte progenitor cell, glial precursor cell. They occur primarily in adults (9.4% of all primary brain and central ne ...

Peutz–Jeghers syndrome Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (often abbreviated PJS) is an dominance (genetics), autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by the development of benign hamartomatous Polyp (medicine), polyps in the human gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal ...

* Prolidase deficiency * Pseudoachondroplasia * Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 * X-linked agammaglobulinemia or Bruton's disease

Cytogenetic band

References

* * Human Proteome Project Launch website~ https://web.archive.org/web/20110726163128/http://www.hupo.org/research/hpp/HPP_legrain_sep_2010.pdf

External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Chromosome 19 (Human) Chromosomes (human) *