Chiquimula Department

Chiquimula is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala, in Central America.INE 2002, p. 12. The departmental capital is also called Chiquimula.Hernández and González 2004. The department was established by decree in 1871, and forms a part of the northeastern region of Guatemala. Physically, it is mountainous, with a climate that varies between tropical and temperate, depending on the location.

History

At the time of Spanish contact, Chiquimula was part of the indigenous kingdom of Chiquimulha, or Payaqui, governed from its capital at Copanti (now Copan, in Honduras). This kingdom also included portions of Honduras and El Salvador.SEGEPLAN 2001, p. 12. The name Chiquimula is derived from the Nahuatl ''chiquimoltlān'', from ''chiquimolin'' meaning "finches" with the locative suffix ''-tlān'', to mean "place of many finches".

Chiquimula de la Sierra ("Chiquimula in the Highlands"), occupying the area of the modern department, was inhabited by Ch'orti' Maya at the time of the conquest.Castro Ramos 2003, p. 40 The first Spanish reconnaissance of this region took place in 1524 by an expedition that included Hernando de Chávez, Juan Durán, Bartolomé Becerra and Cristóbal Salvatierra, amongst others.Dary Fuentes 2008, p. 59. In 1526 three Spanish captains, Juan Pérez Dardón, Sancho de Barahona and Bartolomé Becerra, invaded Chiquimula on the orders of Pedro de Alvarado. The indigenous population soon rebelled against excessive Spanish demands, but the rebellion was quickly put down in April 1530. However, the region was not considered fully conquered until a campaign by Jorge de Bocanegra in 1531–1532 that also took in parts of Jalapa. The afflictions of Old World diseases, war and overwork in the mines and ''encomiendas'' took a heavy toll on the inhabitants of eastern Guatemala, to the extent that indigenous population levels never recovered to their pre-conquest levels.

The modern department was created by executive decree on 10 November 1871. The decree reduced the area covered by the administrative division of Chiquimula by removing that portion that now forms the modern department of Zacapa and part of the department of Izabal.

Geography

Chiquimula is located in the northeastern region of Guatemala. It is bordered by the department of Zacapa to the north and the departments of Jalapa and Zacapa to the west. To the south, Chiqimula is bordered by the department of Jutiapa and the republic of El Salvador. To the east, the department is bordered by the republic of Honduras.SEGEPLAN 2001, p. 10.

The departmental capital is the city of Chiquimula, which is from Guatemala City.SEGEPLAN 2001, p. 11.

Mountains cross the department from north to south, crossing from the border with Jalapa and joining the Sierra del Merendón range, which extends into neighbouring Honduras and El Salvador. Chiquimula possesses two drainage basins, one flowing towards the Atlantic Ocean, the other towards the Pacific Ocean. The principal river in the department is the Río Grande, or Camotán River, which flows in from Honduras, before becoming the Jocotán River, and flowing into the Motagua River to eventually drain into the Caribbean Sea. In the south of the department, the most important rivers are the Anguiatú and the Ostúa.Carpio Rezzio 1999, p. 5.

The department has numerous mineral deposits, and silver has been mined there since the Spanish colonial period.

Climate

Chiquimula is divided into two climatic zones; the municipalities of Concepción Las Minas, Esquipulas, Ipala, Olopa and Quetzaltepeque are temperate, while Camotán, Chiquimula, Jocotán, San Jacinto, San José La Arada and San Juan Ermita are tropical.SEGEPLAN 2001, pp. 18–19. In the temperate areas, the average temperature is ; in the tropical areas it reaches . Climate change has notably affected the department, with maximum temperatures reaching , and a decrease in rainfall contributing to scarcity of foodstuffs. The lowest recorded temperature between 2009 and 2013 was in 2010; during the same period, relative humidity varied between 74.5% and 76.6%.INE 2014, p. 53. Average annual precipitation is .SEGEPLAN 2001, p. 19.

Population

At the 2018 census, the population of Chiquimula was 415,063. In 2002, 83.33% of the population was non-indigenous and 16.67% was indigenous. The majority of the indigenous population are Ch'orti' Maya,SEGEPLAN 2001, p. 13. with a very small number of Xinka and Garifuna.INE 2002, p. 75. In 2006, 59.5% of the population of the department was living in poverty, with 27.7% of the population living in extreme poverty (included within the former percentage).SEGEPLAN 2001, p. 14. Poverty levels tend to be higher in the northern portions of the department, and lower in the south. In 2002, the department of Chiquimula contained 2.7% of the national population, with a population density of 127 per square kilometre (329 per square mile), ranking it 10th of 22 departments for population density. In 2013, 25.5% of the population were recorded as illiterate, demonstrating a year-on-year reduction in illiteracy rates over the previous five years.

In 2002, 26% of the population of the department lived in urban areas, and 74% in rural areas. There were an average of 5.1 people per household; averaging 4.5 people per household in urban areas and rising to an average of 5.3 people per household in rural areas.

Ethnicity and language

Breakdown of population by ethnicity for the whole departmental population, and first language in those aged three and above, as recorded in the 2002 census.

Mortality

In 2013, 2095 deaths were registered in the department, demonstrating a 1% drop on the previous year, and 2.9% of the national total:INE 2014, p. 18.

Governance

As with all Guatemalan departments, the regional government is headed by a governor appointed directly by the president of Guatemala.

Municipalities

Since its establishment as a department in the late 19th century, Chiquimula has been divided into eleven municipalities.

Economy

Principle products of the department of Chiquimula are cattle, rice, maize, beans, potato, coffee, cacao, peanuts and tropical fruits, ceramics, rope, leather and palm products. Palm handicrafts include the manufacture of a variety of baskets for different purposes.

Tourism

Esquipulas is one of the most important centres for religious pilgrimage in Central America, focused upon the Black Christ of Esquipulas contained in the basilica church,SEGEPLAN 2001, p. 18. which has been venerated due to miracles attributed to the image.Franco Sandoval 2003, p. 73.

Notes

References

*Aguirre Barrera, Miriam Judith (2009).
La Necesidad De Desconcentrar la Administración Pública Centralizada en las Gobernaciones Departamentales en Guatemala
(in Spanish). Guatemala: Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
*ALMG.

' (in Spanish). Jocotán, Guatemala: Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala. Retrieved 2019-01-04. Archived fro

on 2008-02-24.
*Carpio Rezzio, Edgar H. (1999).
Arqueología del extremo oriente de Guatemala y su relación fronteriza con Honduras y El Salvador
' (in Spanish). ''Estudios'' 37, pp. 2–15. (August 1999). Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala: Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Antropológicas y Arqueológicas IIHAA. ISSN 0254-7724. . Retr