Chinzei

The branch, also called the Chinzei Doctrine (鎮西義), is one of the two largest branches of Jōdo-shū Buddhism (the second being Seizan). The tradition traces itself to Benchō (a.k.a. Shōkō Shōnin), a disciple of Hōnen, but it was formally established as a separate branch by Benchō's disciple Ryōchū (良忠, 1199–1287). It is also sometimes called the Chikushi school due to its early development in the Chikushi region of Kyushu. It played a key role in shaping the doctrinal and institutional framework of Jōdo-shū, which remains one of Japan's major Buddhist traditions today.

Originally based in Kyushu where Benchō had been exiled, the sect contended with other disciples of Hōnen until it emerged into the dominant branch today. Its origins in Kyushu are also the reason for the sect's name, as ''Chinzei'' was an older name for Kyushu and was adopted by Benchō.

The famous temple of Chion-in, Hōnen's gravesite, and the temple of Zōjō-ji in Tokyo are all administered by the Chinzei branch.

Overview

The Chinzei-ha (鎮西流) emerged during the Kamakura period as one of several lineages that developed within Hōnen’s Pure Land movement. It is mentioned in historical texts such as the ''Shijū Hyakuen'en-shū'' (1257), which classified Hōnen’s disciples into distinct doctrinal factions. Among these, the teachings of Shōkōbō Benchō (1162–1238) were recognized as the foundation of what became the Chinzei-ha.

The name "Chinzei" derives from Shōkō’s missionary activities in the Chikushi region (modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture), where he established Zendō-ji as a major center for Pure Land practice. His influence extended across Kyushu and beyond, leading to the formalization of the Chinzei-ha as an orthodox lineage of Jōdo-shū. Shōkō was originally a Tendai monk, became one of Hōnen’s closest disciples after encountering him in Kyoto. He was entrusted with a copy of Hōnen’s seminal work, ''Collection on the Selection of the Nembutsu ( Senchakushū)'', and later propagated Pure Land teachings across western Japan.

Shōkō’s writings sought to clarify doctrinal disputes within the nascent Pure Land community and reinforce the authenticity of Hōnen’s teachings. His doctrinal approach became known as the Unifying One-Act Samadhi (Kekkai Ichigyō Zanmai), which integrated key elements of Pure Land belief into a coherent system centered on faith and practice. Shōkōbō was also known as a strong supporter of the tanengi doctrine ("many calling", which emphasized the need to recite nenbutsu as much as possible) and he criticized the supporters of ichinengi (once calling) teaching.Piotrowski, Caroline Maria.
Hōnen's “lukewarm” faith: auxiliary actions in the framework of exclusive nembutsu
" University of Georgia, 2010 He also advocated a balanced practice that included nembutsu and auxiliary Pure Land practices. Benchō categorized Buddhist practices as either a general form of nembutsu (''sō no nembutsu'') or the specific practice of reciting Amida’s name (''betsu no nembutsu''), arguing that the latter ultimately encompasses all other Buddhist practices. Drawing from the '' Daichidoron'', he wrote extensively to systematize Hōnen’s teachings, notably in ''Matsudai Nembutsu Jushuin'' and ''Tetsu Senchakushū''.Jodo Shu Research Institute
The 4 Eras of Honen's Disciples
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A pivotal successor to Shōkō was Ryōchū (良忠, 1199–1287) also known as Nen’amidabutsu or Nen’a. He expanded the Chinzei-ha’s influence into eastern Japan, particularly in the Kanto region. He also systematized the school’s teachings through texts like ''Jōdo-shū Yōshū'' and ''Ketsugi-shō'', which further refined the role of the Five Gates of Mindfulness (五門念法) and the Three Minds (三心) in Pure Land practice. Ryōchū’s missionary work helped establish the Chinzei-ha as the mainstream lineage within Jōdo-shū.

Ryōchū's efforts gained the patronage of Hōjō Tsunetoki, the fourth regent of the Kamakura shogunate, as well as other influential members of the Hōjō clan. In 1243, he established Goshin-ji temple in Kamakura, which was later renamed Renge-ji and eventually Kōmyō-ji. This temple became a key center for the propagation of Pure Land teachings, and Ryōchū continued to garner support from other shogunate officials, solidifying his role in the development of the Jōdo school. He was so influential that he became known as the third patriarch of the school.

Development and Influence

One later figure who was pivotal in the development of the tradition was Shōgei (聖冏 1341-1420). It was Shōgei who established a formal independent system for training Jōdo-shū priests (previously Jodo priests had to train under Tendai or Shingon lineages). Before this, Jōdo-shū were not formally independent from Tendai, since they relied on Tendai for their training and ordination.Jones, Charles B. (2021). ''Pure Land: History, Tradition, and Practice'', pp. 123–135. Shambhala Publications, . Shōgei is considered the eighth patriarch of Jōdo-shū Chinzei-ha and as a leader to made the school fully independent.

In the Muromachi period, the Chinzei-ha developed several different sub-lineages, including:

* Nagoe-ha (尊観派)
* Fujita-ha (性心派)
* Shirahata-ha (良暁派)
* Ichijō-ha (然空派)
* Sanjō-ha (道光派)
* Kobata-ha (慈心派)

These branches contributed to the spread of Jōdo-shū throughout Japan, particularly in Kyoto and Kanto. The Shirahata-ha ultimately became the dominant force within the tradition.

Edo Period to Modern Times

file:Snow over Zojoji Temple (Shiba, Tokyo)-IMG 9360.JPG, Snow over Zōjō-ji (Shiba, Tokyo)
During the Edo period, the Chinzei-ha flourished under the patronage of the Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868). Key figures such as Son’ō of Zōjō-ji and Sonshō of Chion-in played instrumental roles in formalizing the structure of Jōdo-shū temples and doctrine. However, with the implementation of the temple registration system (''danka-seido''), the school also faced challenges in maintaining its doctrinal purity.

The Meiji Restoration brought significant reforms to Buddhism, leading to a decline in institutional power. In response, modern scholars like Fukuda Gyōkai sought to adapt Chinzei-ha teachings to contemporary society, ensuring their continued relevance within Jōdo-shū.

References

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Jōdo-shū
Schools of Buddhism founded in Japan
Pure Land Buddhism
12th-century establishments in Japan