Chinese musical instruments

Chinese musical instruments are traditionally grouped into eight categories (classified by the material from which the instruments were made) known as (). The eight categories are silk, bamboo, wood, stone, metal, clay, gourd and skin; other instruments considered traditional exist that may not fit these groups. The grouping of instruments in material categories in China is one of the first musical groupings ever devised.

Silk

Silk () instruments are mostly stringed instruments (including those that are plucked, bowed, and struck). Since ancient times, the Chinese have used twisted silk for strings, though today metal or nylon are more frequently used. Instruments in the silk category include:

Plucked

* ( zh, c= 古琴, p=gǔqín) – 7-stringed zithers
* ( zh, c= 瑟, p=sè) – 25-stringed zither with movable bridges (ancient sources say 14, 25 or 50 strings)
* () – 16–26 stringed zither with movable bridges
* () – harp
* () – four-stringed lute with gourd body used by the Naxi people of Yunnan
* () - pear-shaped lute slightly smaller than the , with 2 strings and body covered with snakeskin; it was used during the Tang Dynasty but is no longer used
* () – pear-shaped fretted lute with 4 or 5 strings
* () – small plucked, fretted lute with a pear-shaped body and four and five strings
* ( zh, c=阮, p=ruǎn) – moon-shaped lute in five sizes: , , , , and ; sometimes called ()
* () – plucked lute with a wooden body, a short fretted neck, and four strings tuned in pairs
* () – plucked lute with a wooden body and fretted neck; also called (, literally "plum blossom instrument", from its flower-shaped body)
* () – plucked lute with body covered with snakeskin and long fretless neck; the ancestor of the Japanese
* ( zh, t= 獨弦琴, s= 独弦琴) – the instrument of the Jing people (Vietnamese people in China), a plucked, monochord zither with only one string, tuned to C3.
* () – a plucked long-necked lute of Turkic origin
* () – a fretted plucked long-necked lute with five strings in three courses, used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang
* () – a fretted plucked long-necked lute with two strings, used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang
* ( or ) – a fretless plucked long-necked lute used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang
* () - a 3 strings plucked lute of Zhuang people in Guangxi.
* () - a four strings plucked lute of Lisu people
* (: shaped like a dragon boat. Its shape is very similar to Myanmar's . Another variation of the held in the form of a harp with four strings was found in a painting of Feitian in Mogao caves, Dunhuang province.
* (): A pear-shaped with five strings similar to ukulele

Bowed

* () – family of vertical fiddles
* () – two-stringed fiddle
* () – two-stringed fiddle, lower pitch than an
* () – two-stringed fiddle, higher pitch than an ; also called ()
* () – two-stringed fiddle with a coconut resonator and wooden face, used primarily in northern China
* () – two-stringed fiddle (piccolo ), very high pitched, used mainly for Beijing opera
* () – used in Beijing opera
* () – two-stringed fiddle, used in Cantonese, Chaozhou, and nanguan music
* () – two-stringed fiddle, used in , Chaozhou, Cantonese, Fujian, and Taiwanese music
* () – two-stringed fiddle with coconut body, used primarily in Cantonese and Chaozhou music
* () – two-stringed fiddle used in Taiwan and Fujian, primarily by Min Nan and Hakka people; also called (), (), and ()
* () – two-stringed fiddle used in the traditional music of Hunan
* () – two-stringed fiddle with coconut body, used in Taiwan opera
* () – two-stringed fiddle with hexagonal body, similar to the ; used primarily in Taiwan
* () – a two-stringed fiddle with metal amplifying horn at the end of its neck, used in Taiwan; also called ()
* () – large fiddle used primarily among the Hakka of Taiwan
* ( zh, t=葫盧胡, s=葫芦胡) – two-stringed fiddle with gourd body used by the Zhuang of Guangxi
* ( zh, t=馬骨胡, s=马骨胡, p=mǎgǔhú) – two-stringed fiddle with horse bone body used by the Zhuang and Buyei peoples of southern China
* () – two-stringed fiddle used by the Zhuang people of Guangxi
* () – two-stringed fiddle used by the Gelao people of Guangxi, as well as the Miao and Dong
* () - six-stringed fiddle of Mongolian people in Inner Mongolia
* () – four-stringed fiddle with strings tuned in pairs
* () – 3-stringed with an additional bass string; developed in the 1970s
* ( zh, t=墜胡, s=坠胡) – two-stringed fiddle with fingerboard
* ( zh, t=墜琴, s=坠琴) – two-stringed fiddle with fingerboard
* () – two-stringed fiddle with fingerboard
* () – low pitched two-stringed fiddles in the family, in three sizes:
** () – small , tuned one octave below the
** () – medium , tuned one octave below the
** () – large , tuned two octaves below the
* () – another name for the
* – another name for the
* – four-stringed bass instrument, tuned and played like cello
* () – four-stringed contrabass instrument, tuned and played like double bass
* () – four-stringed bowed instrument modeled on the cello
* () – bowed pear-shaped lute
* () – bass
* or ( or ) – two-stringed fiddle used by the Dong people of Guizhou
* () – ( Mongolian: ) – Mongolian two-stringed "horsehead fiddle"
* () – ancient prototype of family of instruments
* () - electric
* ( zh, s=轧筝, t=軋箏) – bowed zither; also called ( zh, s=轧琴, t=軋琴)
* () – a zither with 9 strings bowed
* () – bowed zither; used by the Zhuang people of Guangxi
* () – four-stringed bowed instrument used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang; similar to
* ( or ) – long-necked bowed lute with 13 strings used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang. 1 playing string and 12 sympathetic strings.
* () – a four-stringed bowed instrument used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang.

Struck

* () – hammered dulcimer
* () – a zither similar to a , played with a bamboo mallet
* () – a zither used to accompany traditional narrative singing in Wenzhou, Zhejiang province. Similar to a but played with a bamboo mallet.

Combined

* () – a combination of the , , and with 50 or more steel strings.

Bamboo

Bamboo () mainly refers to woodwind instruments, which includes;

Flutes

* () – transverse bamboo flute with buzzing membrane
** ()
* ( zh, t= 簫, s= 箫, p=xiāo) – end-blown flute; also called ( zh, t= 洞簫, s= 洞箫)
* ( zh, t= 排簫, s= 排箫, p=páixiāo) – pan pipes
* ( zh, c= 篪, p=chí) – ancient transverse bamboo flute
* ( zh, c= 籥, p=yuè) – ancient notched vertical bamboo flute with three finger holes; used in Confucian ritual music and dance
* () – modern transverse flute with as many as 21 holes
* () – wind instrument of the Dong people of southern China
* ( zh, c= 口笛, p=kǒudí) – very small transverse bamboo flute
* (): a bamboo version of

Free reed pipes

* ( zh, t= 巴烏, s= 巴乌, p=bāwū) – side-blown free reed pipe with finger holes
* ( zh, c= 芒筒, p=mángtǒng) – end-blown free reed pipe producing a single pitch
* ( zh, t= 苗族笛, p=miáozú dí)

Single reed pipes

* () – single-reed bamboo pipe played by the Yi people

Double reed pipes

* ( zh, c= 管, p=guǎn) – cylindrical double reed wind instrument made of either hardwood (Northern China) or bamboo (Cantonese); the northern version is also called () or ( zh, t= 篳篥, s= 筚篥), the Cantonese version is also called (), and the Taiwanese version is called , or ()
* () - literally "double ," an instrument consisting of two (cylindrical double reed pipes) of equal length, joined together along their length
* ( zh, t= 嗩吶, s= 唢呐) – double-reed wind instrument with a flaring metal bell; also called ()

Wood

Most wood () instruments are of the ancient variety:

* ( zh, c= 柷, p=zhù) – a wooden box that tapers from the top to the bottom, played by hitting a stick on the inside, used to mark the beginning of music in ancient ritual music
* ( zh, c= 敔, p=yǔ) – a wooden percussion instrument carved in the shape of a tiger with a serrated back, played by hitting a stick with an end made of approximately 15 stalks of bamboo on its head three times and across the serrated back once to mark the end of the music
* ( zh, t= 木魚, s= 木鱼, p=mùyú) – a rounded woodblock carved in the shape of a fish, struck with a wooden stick; often used in Buddhist chanting
* () – a clapper made from several flat pieces of wood; also called (), (), (), or (); when used together with a drum the two instruments are referred to collectively as ()
**
** (, a clapper made from two pieces of bamboo)
** ()
* () – small, high-pitched woodblock; called () or () in Taiwan
** ()
** ()
** ()
** ()

Stone

The stone () category comprises various forms of stone chimes.
* ( zh, t= 編磬, s= 编磬, p=biānqìng) – a rack of stone tablets that are hung by ropes from a wooden frame and struck using a mallet.
* () – a single large stone tablet hung by a rope in a wooden frame and struck using a mallet

Metal ( 金)

*Bianzhong ( 編鐘) – 16 to 65 bronze bells hung on a rack, struck using poles
*Fangxiang ( zh, t=方響, s=方响, p=fāngxiǎng, w=fang hsiang) – set of tuned metal slabs (metallophone)
* Nao (musical instrument) ( 鐃) – may refer to either an ancient bell or large cymbals
** Shangnao (商鐃) – ancient bellphoto
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* Bo ( 鈸; also called ''chazi'', 镲子) –
**Xiaobo (小鈸, small cymbals)
**Zhongbo (中鈸, medium cymbals; also called ''naobo'' (鐃鈸) or ''zhongcuo''
**Shuibo (水鈸, literally "water cymbals")
**Dabo (大鈸, large cymbals)
**Jingbo (京鈸)
**Shenbo (深波) – deep, flat gong used in Chaozhou music; also called ''gaobian daluo'' (高边大锣)
* Luo ( zh, t= 鑼, s= 锣; pinyin: luó) – gong
** Daluo (大锣) – a large flat gong whose pitch drops when struck with a padded mallet
** Fengluo (风锣) – literally "wind gong," a large flat gong played by rolling or striking with a large padded mallet
** Xiaoluo (小锣) – a small flat gong whose pitch rises when struck with the side of a flat wooden stick
**Yueluo (月锣) – small pitched gong held by a string in the palm of the hand and struck with a small stick; used in Chaozhou music
**Jingluo (镜锣) – a small flat gong used in the traditional music of Fujia

**Pingluo (平锣) – a flat gong
** Kailuluo (开路锣)
* Yunluo ( zh, t= 雲鑼, s= 云锣) – literally "cloud gongs"; 10 or more small tuned gongs in a frame
* Shimianluo ( 十面锣) – 10 small tuned gongs in a frame
*Qing ( 磬) – a cup-shaped bell used in Buddhist and Daoist ritual music
*Daqing (大磬) – large ''qing''
* Pengling ( 碰铃; pinyin: pènglíng) – a pair of small bowl-shaped finger cymbals or bells connected by a length of cord, which are struck together
* Dangzi ( 铛子) – a small, round, flat, tuned gong suspended by being tied with silk string in a round metal frame that is mounted on a thin wooden handlephoto
/sup>; also called ''dangdang'' (铛铛)
* Yinqing (引磬) – an inverted small bell affixed to the end of a thin wooden handlephoto
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* Yunzheng (云铮) – a small flat gong used in the traditional music of Fujia

* Chun (musical instrument), Chun ( 錞; pinyin: chún) – ancient bellphoto
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** Weichun ( 帷 錞) – ancient hanging bell
* Tonggu ( 铜鼓) - bronze drum
* Laba ( 喇叭) – A long, straight, valveless brass trumpet

Clay ( 土)

* Xun ( 埙, zh, c= 塤, p=xūn) – ocarina made of baked clay
* Fou ( zh, c= 缶, p=fǒu) – clay pot played as a percussion instrument
* Taodi ( zh, c= 陶笛, p=táo dí)

Gourd ( 匏)

* Sheng ( zh, c= 笙, p=shēng) – free reed mouth organ consisting of varying number of bamboo pipes inserted into a metal (formerly gourd or hardwood) chamber with finger holes
**Baosheng (抱笙) – larger version of the Sheng
* Yu ( zh, c= 竽, p=yú) – ancient free reed mouth organ similar to the sheng but generally larger
* Hulusi ( zh, t= 葫蘆絲, s= 葫芦丝; pinyin: húlúsī) – free-reed wind instrument with three bamboo pipes which pass through a gourd wind chest; one pipe has finger holes and the other two are drone pipes; used primarily in Yunnan province
* Hulusheng ( zh, t= 葫蘆笙, s= 葫芦笙; pinyin: húlúshēng) – free-reed mouth organ with a gourd wind chest; used primarily in Yunnan province
* Fangsheng – Northern China Gourd

Hide-skin ( 革)

* Dagu – ( 大鼓) – large drum played with two sticks
** Huapengu ( 花盆鼓) – flowerpot-shaped large drum played with two sticks; also called ''ganggu'' (缸鼓)
* Huzuo Dagu (虎座大鼓)
* Huzuo Wujia Gu (虎座鳥架鼓)
* Jian'gu (建鼓)
* Bangu ( 板鼓) – small, high pitched drum used in Beijing opera; also called ''danpigu'' ( 单皮鼓)
* Biangu ( 扁 鼓) – flat drum, played with sticks
*Paigu ( 排鼓) – set of three to seven tuned drums played with sticks
* Tanggu ( 堂鼓) – medium-sized barrel drum played with two sticks; also called ''tonggu'' (同鼓) or ''xiaogu'' (小鼓)
* Biqigu (荸荠鼓) – a very small drum played with one stick, used in Jiangnan sizhu
* Diangu (点鼓; also called ''huaigu'', 怀鼓) – a double-headed frame drum played with a single wooden beater; used in the Shifangu ensemble music of Jiangsu province and to accompany to ''kunqu'' opera
*Huagu (花鼓) – flower drum
*Yaogu (腰鼓) – waist drum
* Taipinggu (太平鼓) – flat drum with a handle; also called ''dangu'' (单鼓)
* Zhangu (战鼓 or 戰鼓) – war drum; played with two sticks.
* Bajiaogu ( 八角鼓) – octagonal tambourine used primarily in narrative singing from northern China．
* Yanggegu (秧歌鼓) – rice planting drum
* Gaogu () – large ancient drum used to for battlefield commands and large-scale construction
*Bofu ( 搏拊) – ancient drum used to set tempo
* Jiegu ( 羯鼓) – hourglass-shaped drum used during the Tang Dynasty
*Tao ( 鼗; pinyin: táo) or ''taogu'' ( 鼗鼓) – a pellet drum used in ritual music
* Bolang Gu (波浪鼓; pinyin: bo lang gu) – a traditional Chinese pellet drum and toy
* Linggu (铃鼓)

Others

* Gudi ( 骨笛) – an ancient flute made of bone
* Hailuo ( 海螺) – conch shel

* Lilie (instrument), Lilie (唎咧) – reed wind instrument with a conical bore played by the Li people of Hainan
* Lusheng ( zh, t=蘆笙, s=芦笙; pinyin: lúshēng) – free-reed mouth organ with five or six pipes, played by various ethnic groups in southwest China and neighboring countries
* Kouxian ( 口弦) – jaw harp, made of bamboo or metal．
*Yedi (叶笛) – tree leaf used as a wind instrument．
*Shuijingdi (水晶笛) - crystal flute.
*Zutongqin (竹筒琴)

Playing contexts

Chinese instruments are either played solo, collectively in large orchestras (as in the former imperial court) or in smaller ensembles (in teahouses or public gatherings). Normally, there is no conductor in traditional Chinese music, nor any use of musical scores or tablature in performance. Music was generally learned aurally and memorized by the musician(s) beforehand, then played without aid. As of the 20th century, musical scores have become more common, as has the use of conductors in larger orchestral-type ensembles.

Musical instruments in use in the 1800s

These watercolour illustrations, made in China in the 1800s, show several types of musical instruments being played:

Playing a dizi.jpg, Woman playing a dizi.
Playing a jinghu.jpg, Woman playing a jinghu.
Playing a luo.jpg, Woman playing a luo.
Playing a pipa.jpg, Woman playing a pipa.
Playing a sanxian.jpg, Woman playing a sanxian.
Playing a shimianluo.jpg, Woman playing a yunluo.
Playing a small drum.jpg, Woman playing a xiaoluo.
Playing a wind instrument with a curved bell.jpg, Woman playing a haotou.
Playing a xiao.jpg, Woman playing a xiao.
Playing a zheng.jpg, Woman playing what looks like a yangqin or some sort of psaltery-like instrument.

See also

*Music of China
*Chinese culture
*Chinese art
* Chinese instrument classification
* List of ensemble formations in traditional Chinese music

References

;Notes

;Sources
*Lee, Yuan-Yuan and Shen, Sinyan. ''Chinese Musical Instruments (Chinese Music Monograph Series)''. 1999. Chinese Music Society of North America Press.
*Shen, Sinyan. ''Chinese Music in the 20th Century (Chinese Music Monograph Series)''. 2001. Chinese Music Society of North America Press.
*Yuan, Bingchang, and Jizeng Mao (1986). ''Zhongguo Shao Shu Min Zu Yue Qi Zhi''. Beijing: Xin Shi Jie Chu Ban She/Xin Hua Shu Dian Beijing Fa Xing Suo Fa Xing. .

External links

Chinese musical instruments
Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong
Chime
A look at ancient Chinese instruments
Chinese musical instruments
(Chinese)
Chinese Instruments Website
(English)
The Musical Instruments E-bookWorld of Instrumental MusicChinese InstrumentChinese Musical Instruments
(The Modern Appearance)
*https://www.britannica.com/art/qin-musical-instrument

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Chinese Musical Instruments
Traditional Chinese music

Chinese

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