, the Chinese
People's Liberation Army Navy
The People's Liberation Army Navy, also known as the People's Navy, PLA Navy or simply Chinese Navy, is the naval warfare military branch, branch of the People's Liberation Army, the national military of the People's Republic of China. It i ...
(PLAN) has two active carriers, the and , with the third, , currently undergoing sea trials. A fourth carrier, currently called "
Type 004" and featuring nuclear propulsion, has been
under construction since 2024. Wang Yunfei, a retired PLA Navy officer and other naval experts projected in 2018/2019 that China might possess five or six aircraft carriers by the 2030s.
In the years after 1985 China acquired four retired aircraft carriers for study, namely, the British-built Australian and the ex-
Soviet
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
carriers , and . The ''Varyag'' later underwent an extensive refit to be converted into the , China's first operational aircraft carrier, which also served as a basis for China's subsequent design iterations.
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
's PLAN had had ambitions to develop and operate
aircraft carrier
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and hangar facilities for supporting, arming, deploying and recovering carrier-based aircraft, shipborne aircraft. Typically it is the ...
s since the 1970s.
History
Early ambitions
Since the 1970s, the PLAN has expressed interest in operating an
aircraft carrier
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and hangar facilities for supporting, arming, deploying and recovering carrier-based aircraft, shipborne aircraft. Typically it is the ...
as part of its
blue water aspirations.
To prepare the commanders needed for the future aircraft carriers, the
Central Military Commission approved the program of training jet fighter pilots to be future captains in May 1987, and the Guangzhou Naval Academy was selected as the site.
Acquisition of HMAS ''Melbourne'' in 1985
China acquired the
Royal Australian Navy's decommissioned
light aircraft carrier
A light aircraft carrier, or light fleet carrier, is an aircraft carrier smaller than the Fleet carrier, standard carriers of a navy. The precise definition of the type varies by country; light carriers typically have a complement of aircraft onl ...
in February 1985, when it was sold to the China United Shipbuilding Company to be towed to China and broken up for scrap.
Prior to the ship's departure for China, the RAN stripped ''Melbourne'' of all electronic equipment and weapons, and welded her rudders into a fixed position so that she could not be reactivated. However, her steam catapult, arresting equipment and mirror landing system were not removed. At this time, few western experts expected that the Chinese government would attempt to develop aircraft carriers in the future.
''Melbourne'' finally arrived in China on 13 June.
The ship was not scrapped immediately; instead she was studied by Chinese naval architects and engineers.
It is unclear whether the
People's Liberation Army Navy
The People's Liberation Army Navy, also known as the People's Navy, PLA Navy or simply Chinese Navy, is the naval warfare military branch, branch of the People's Liberation Army, the national military of the People's Republic of China. It i ...
(PLAN) orchestrated the acquisition of ''Melbourne'' or simply took advantage of the situation; Rear Admiral
Zhang Zhaozhong, a staff member at the
National Defence College, has stated that the Navy was unaware of the purchase until ''Melbourne'' first arrived at Guangzhou.
''Melbourne'' was the largest warship any of the Chinese experts had seen, and they were surprised by the amount of equipment which was still in place. The PLAN subsequently arranged for the ship's flight deck and all the equipment associated with flying operations to be removed so that they could be studied in depth.
Reports have circulated that either a replica of the flight deck, or the deck itself, was used for training of
People's Liberation Army Navy
The People's Liberation Army Navy, also known as the People's Navy, PLA Navy or simply Chinese Navy, is the naval warfare military branch, branch of the People's Liberation Army, the national military of the People's Republic of China. It i ...
pilots in carrier flight operations.
Chinese engineers reverse-engineered a land-based replica of the steam catapult and landing system from that of , and a
J-8IIG was used to conduct take-off and landing trials on the land-based flight deck in April 1987, which was not finally confirmed officially until 27 years later in April 2014 by
CCTV-13. Both the take-off and landing were conducted on the same day, and the test pilot was
PLANAF pilot Li Guoqiang. The experience gained would be later applied to the development of the
Shenyang J-15.
It has also been claimed that the Royal Australian Navy received and "politely rejected" a request from the PLAN for blueprints of the ship's steam catapult.
The carrier was not dismantled for many years; according to some rumours she was not completely broken up until 2002.
Other acquisition attempts: 1995-2000
China also negotiated with Spain in an effort purchase the blueprints for proposed conventional take off/landing ships from
''Empresa Nacional Bazán'', specifically 23,000-ton SAC-200 and 25,000-ton SAC-220 designs. Negotiations started between 1995 and 1996 but did not result in any purchase. However, the Spanish firm was paid several million US dollars in consulting fees, indicating the probable transfer of some design concepts.
China acquired the former Soviet s in 1995 and in 2000. ''Minsk'', along with its sister ship , were initially sold to South Korea in 1995 to be scrapped,
but due to objections from environmentalists,
''Minsk'' was resold to China in 1998 to be broken up there instead.
''Kiev'', likewise, was sold to China in 2000 by Russia with a contractual requirement for it to be scrapped.
However, neither ship was dismantled and both were instead converted into tourist attractions, with ''Minsk'' turned into a theme park and ''Kiev'' a luxury hotel.
In 1997, China attempted to purchase the retired French aircraft carrier , but negotiations between China and France failed.
Planning phase: 2007-2011
In mid-2007, Chinese domestic sources revealed that China had purchased a total of four sets of aircraft carrier landing systems from Russia
and this was confirmed by Russian manufacturers. However, experts disagreed on the usage of these systems: while some have claimed that it is a clear evidence of the construction of an aircraft carrier, others claim these systems are used to train pilots for a future ship. Reports initially claimed that up to two carriers based on the ''Varyag'' would be started by 2015.
According to the
Nippon News Network (NNN), research and development on the planned carriers was to be carried out at a military research facility in
Wuhan
Wuhan; is the capital of Hubei, China. With a population of over eleven million, it is the most populous city in Hubei and the List of cities in China by population, eighth-most-populous city in China. It is also one of the nine National cent ...
. NNN stated that the actual carriers would be constructed at
Jiangnan Shipyard
Jiangnan Shipyard ( zh, c=江南造船厂, p=Jiāngnán Zàochuán Chǎng) is a historic shipyard in Shanghai, China. The shipyard has been state-owned since its founding in 1865 and is now operated as Jiangnan Shipyard (Group) Co. Ltd.
Befo ...
in
Shanghai
Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...
. ''Kanwa Intelligence Review'' reported that the second carrier to be constructed would
likely be assigned to
Qingdao
Qingdao, Mandarin: , (Qingdao Mandarin: t͡ɕʰiŋ˧˩ tɒ˥) is a prefecture-level city in the eastern Shandong Province of China. Located on China's Yellow Sea coast, Qingdao was long an important fortress. In 1897, the city was ceded to G ...
.
According to a February 2011 report in ''
The Daily Telegraph
''The Daily Telegraph'', known online and elsewhere as ''The Telegraph'', is a British daily broadsheet conservative newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed in the United Kingdom and internationally. It was found ...
'', the Chinese military has constructed a concrete aircraft carrier flight deck to use for training carrier pilots and carrier operations personnel. The deck was constructed on top of a government building near Wuhan (Wuhan Technical College of Communication campus next to Huangjiahu). On 7 June 2011,
People's Liberation Army
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the military of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). It consists of four Military branch, services—People's Liberation Army Ground Force, Ground Force, People's ...
Chief of the General Staff
Chen Bingde confirmed that China was constructing its own aircraft carrier. He stated he would provide no further details until it was complete.
On 30 July 2011, a senior researcher of the
Academy of Military Sciences said China needed at least three aircraft carriers. "If we consider our neighbours, India will have three aircraft carriers by 2014 and Japan will have three carriers by 2014, so I think the number (for China) should not be less than three so we can defend our rights and our maritime interests effectively." General Luo Yuan. In July 2011, a Chinese official announced that two aircraft carriers were being built at the Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai. On 21 May 2012, Taiwan's intelligence chief Tsai Teh-sheng told the Legislative Yuan that the PLA Navy plans to build two carriers, scheduled to start construction in 2013 and 2015 and launch in 2020 and 2022 respectively. The price of the two vessels is estimated to be worth US$9 Billion dollars. On 24 April 2013, Chinese Rear Admiral Song Xue confirmed that China will build more carriers and these will be larger and will carry more fighter-planes than ''Liaoning''.
Overview of aircraft carriers
''Liaoning'' (Type 001)

The 67,500 ton ex-
Soviet aircraft carrier ''Varyag'' (), which was only 68% completed and floating in
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
, was purchased through a private
Macau
Macau or Macao is a special administrative regions of China, special administrative region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). With a population of about people and a land area of , it is the most List of countries and dependencies by p ...
tourist venture in 1998. Following
her troublesome tow to Dalian shipyard, the carrier underwent a long refit. ''Varyag'' had been stripped of any military equipment as well as her propulsion systems prior to being put up for sale. In 2007 there were news reports that she was being
fitted-out to enter service.
In 2011,
People's Liberation Army
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the military of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). It consists of four Military branch, services—People's Liberation Army Ground Force, Ground Force, People's ...
Chief of the General Staff
Chen Bingde confirmed that China was constructing at least one aircraft carrier.
On 10 August 2011, it was announced that the refurbishment of ''Varyag'' was complete, and that it was undergoing sea trials.
[ ]
On 14 December 2011, DigitalGlobe, an American satellite imaging company, announced that while scouring through pictures taken 8 December, it had discovered the retrofitted ''Varyag'' undergoing trials, DigitalGlobe further stated that their images captured the ship in the Yellow Sea where it operated for 5 days.
In September 2012, it was announced that this carrier would be named ''Liaoning'', after
Liaoning Province of China. In September 2012, China's first aircraft carrier, ''Liaoning'', was commissioned.
On 23 September 2012, ''Liaoning'' was handed over to the People's Liberation Army Navy, but was not yet in active service.
In November 2012, the first landing was successfully conducted on ''Liaoning'' with
Shenyang J-15.
Four years later, in November 2016, it was reported that ''Liaoning'' was combat ready. China confirmed at the time that it was constructing a second carrier that would be built entirely with indigenous Chinese designs. Similar to ''Liaoning'', China's second carrier, named ''Shandong,'' uses a
ski jump
Ski jumping is a winter sport in which competitors aim to achieve the farthest jump after sliding down on their skis from a specially designed curved ramp. Along with jump length, competitor's aerial style and other factors also affect the fin ...
for takeoff.
''Shandong'' (Type 002)
The Type 002, or Shandong, is China's first domestically produced aircraft carrier. Construction began in November 2013 at the
Dalian Shipyard and the ship was launched on 26 April 2017. After being fitted out, China's first domestically produced aircraft carrier underwent nine sea trials over the course of 18 months, starting from May 2018. The ship was formally commissioned into service on 19 December 2019 as the ''Shandong'', with pennant number "17".
The 002 is a conventionally powered ski-jump carrier with a displacement of around 70,000 tonnes. The ship is derived from the ''Liaoning''. It uses conventional steam turbines with diesel generators as propulsion. The ''Shandong'' is a significant improvement over the Soviet-built ''Liaoning''. For example, the ''Shandong'' carrier's
ski-jump has an angle of 12.0°, an angle ideal for launching the
Shenyang J-15 fighter, instead of the 14.0° on the ''Liaoning''. Together with the enlarged
hangar
A hangar is a building or structure designed to hold aircraft or spacecraft. Hangars are built of metal, wood, or concrete. The word ''hangar'' comes from Middle French ''hanghart'' ("enclosure near a house"), of Germanic origin, from Frankish ...
, the
island
An island or isle is a piece of land, distinct from a continent, completely surrounded by water. There are continental islands, which were formed by being split from a continent by plate tectonics, and oceanic islands, which have never been ...
(which has been made smaller by 10%), and extended on sponsons in the aft-starboard quarter, space has been freed up allowing for up to eight more aircraft and helicopters to be carried. The island includes a second glazed deck which permits the bridge and flight control areas to be separate, creating greater operational efficiency. It also features a faceted upper area of four
active electronically scanned array
An active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a type of phased array antenna, which is a computer-controlled antenna array in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the a ...
s (AESAs) for the S-band
Type 346 radar.
''Fujian'' (Type 003)
The third aircraft carrier, known as Fujian, is an entirely different design from ''Liaoning'' and ''Shandong''. It is the largest of China's current fleet. The Type 003 has a displacement of over 80,000 tonnes and is smaller in size than the US Navy's
Ford Class ships.
In 2015, media reports stated that both an
electromagnetic catapult and a steam-powered catapult were constructed at the Huangdicun naval base for testing; this was thought at the time to indicate that the Type 003 class as well as future PLAN carriers would possibly be
CATOBAR carriers.
The construction of the first Type 003 class aircraft carrier started in February 2017. Satellite observation at the
Jiangnan Shipyard
Jiangnan Shipyard ( zh, c=江南造船厂, p=Jiāngnán Zàochuán Chǎng) is a historic shipyard in Shanghai, China. The shipyard has been state-owned since its founding in 1865 and is now operated as Jiangnan Shipyard (Group) Co. Ltd.
Befo ...
in
Shanghai
Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...
only showed one carrier of this type under construction.
It was reported in early 2021 that the first ship would be launched in the same year, with construction already started on a second ship in this class. On 10 November 2021, Bloomberg reported that "China is three to six months away from launching its third aircraft carrier", citing a report by the
Center for Strategic and International Studies
The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. From its founding in 1962 until 1987, it was an affiliate of Georgetown University, initially named the Center for Strategic and Inte ...
. On June 17, 2022, the Type 003, now named Fujian was officially completed and launched.
In January 2024, the ''Fujian'' was carrying out mooring tests in preparation for its maiden voyage.
On 1 May 2024, the ''Fujian'' officially commenced its first sea trial.
Type 004
The Type 004 is planned to be larger than the Type 003, and also to feature nuclear propulsion.
Construction started in 2024. Like the
Type 003 Fujian it will feature an
integrated electric propulsion system that will allow the operation of
electromagnetic catapults.
Carrier-based aircraft
J-15 fighter
China initially, in the 2000s, intended to acquire Russian
Sukhoi Su-33
The Sukhoi Su-33 (-33; NATO reporting name: Flanker-D) is a Soviet/Russian all-weather carrier-based twin-engine air superiority fighter designed by Sukhoi and manufactured by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association, derived f ...
carrier-based aircraft to be operated from its aircraft carriers.
However, China later, starting in 2006, developed the
Shenyang J-15 as a derivative of the Su-33,
[ ] featuring Chinese technology and avionics from the
J-11B program.
On 25 November 2012, it was announced that at least two Shenyang J-15 aircraft had successfully landed on ''Liaoning''.
The pilot credited with having achieved the first landing was Dai Mingmeng.
According to Chinese media reports, the J-15 cannot take off from ''Liaoning'' with a full fuel and munition load, being unable to get off the carrier's ski jump-ramp if the payload exceeds . In a follow-up review of this assertion in ''The Diplomat'' in 2021, Rick Joe argued that the source of this Chinese media was unreliable and proved that the J-15 was able to take off with
MTOW when the speed of the carrier was taken into calculation.
In October 2024, an improved variant "
J-15T" with
CATOBAR launch capability, modern
fifth-generation avionics,
AESA radar, new airframes, stealth coatings, and compatibility to launch
PL-10 and
PL-15 missiles entered active service.
J-35 fighter
The
Shenyang J-35 is an in-development medium-sized
fifth-generation stealth fighter that may in future be adopted for carrier use. The ''
South China Morning Post
The ''South China Morning Post'' (''SCMP''), with its Sunday edition, the ''Sunday Morning Post'', is a Hong Kong-based English-language newspaper owned by Alibaba Group. Founded in 1903 by Tse Tsan-tai and Alfred Cunningham, it has remaine ...
'' reported on 6 July 2018 that China was developing an upgraded variant of the FC-31, later called J-35, as an alternate carrier jet. The J-35 may enter its production phase, and military service, in 2026.
KJ-600 early warning and control aircraft
The
Xi'an KJ-600 is an in-development
high-
straight wing AEW&C aircraft suspected to be fitted with an
AESA-type
radome system, and the current non-flying mock-up model has a striking external resemblance to the
aftward-folding Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, a carrier-based AEW&C aircraft serving the
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...
. The design is likely to be a case of
form following function, as the cancelled Soviet
Yak-44 shared the same layout.
Rick Joe, who writes extensively on Chinese aviation and naval developments for ''
The Diplomat'', commented that "fixed-wing carrier-borne AEW&C are a vital and essential part to any navy that seeks to field a robust and capable carrier airwing, and their ability to enhance a
carrier group's offensive and defensive capabilities and overall
situational awareness
Situational awareness or situation awareness, often abbreviated as SA is the understanding of an environment, its elements, and how it changes with respect to time or other factors. It is also defined as the perception of the elements in the envi ...
and
network-centric warfare
Network-centric warfare, also called network-centric operations or net-centric warfare, is a military doctrine or theory of war that aims to translate an information advantage, enabled partly by information technology, into a competitive advantag ...
is unmatched by any other platform type that will exist in the near future."
Analysts H. I. Sutton believed the KJ-600 will be a massive boost to the Chinese Navy, and "once it enters service on the carriers, it will greatly enhance the aerial and maritime situational awareness, and the offensive and defensive capabilities of the carrier group", and that "Chinese aerospace and military industry has certainly shown its ability to develop quite modern and capable AEW&C systems for other air, naval and ground applications".
List of carriers
See also
*
*
List of aircraft carriers in service
*
DF-21D – Chinese
anti-ship ballistic missile
References
External links
China / Aircraft Carrier Project GlobalSecurity.org
Varyag: The Mysterious Journey from Ukraine to China Varyag.com
* Rick Joe
A Mid-2019 Guide to Chinese Aircraft Carriers: What is the future trajectory of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy carrier program? "The Diplomat," 18 June 2019. Varying use of "“001A” and “002” designations
{{Portal bar, China
Proposed aircraft carriers
Projects established in 2015
2015 in China