Chilonyx

''Diadectes'' (meaning ''crosswise-biter'') is an extinct genus of large reptiliomorphs or synapsids that lived during the early Permian period (Artinskian-Kungurian stages of the Cisuralian epoch, between 290 and 272 million years ago). ''Diadectes'' was one of the first herbivorous tetrapods, and also one of the first fully terrestrial vertebrates to attain large size.

Description

''Diadectes'' was a heavily built animal, up to long, with a thick-boned skull, heavy vertebrae and ribs, massive limb girdles, and short, robust limbs. The nature of the limbs and vertebrae clearly indicates a terrestrial animal. The rib cage was assumed to be barrel-shaped, but new fossils show the ribs were actually sticking out to the sides.

High-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomography has revealed an endosseous labyrinth in the opisthotic, prootic, and supraoccipital of ''D. absitus'', along with a well-preserved vestibule, three semicircular canals, and a developed cochlear recess. The supraoccipital, which is positioned medially to the anterior semicircular canal, preserves a shallow and subarcuate fossa on its ventral surface. An otic tube leads from the fenestra vestibuli to the vestibule.

Paleobiology

It possesses some characteristics of reptilians and amphibians, combining a reptile-like skeleton with a more primitive, seymouriamorph-like skull. ''Diadectes'' has been classified as belonging to the sister group of the amniotes.

Among its primitive features, ''Diadectes'' has a large otic notch (a feature found in all labyrinthodonts, but not in reptiles) with an ossified tympanum. At the same time, its teeth show advanced specialisations for an herbivorous diet that are not found in any other type of early Permian animal. The eight front teeth are spatulate and peg-like, and served as incisors that were used to nip off mouthfuls of vegetation. The broad, blunt cheek teeth show extensive wear associated with occlusion, and would have functioned as molars, grinding up the food. It also had a partial secondary palate, which meant it could chew its food and breathe at the same time, something many even more advanced reptiles were unable to do.

These traits are likely adaptations related to the animals' high-fiber, herbivorous diet, and evolved independently of similar traits seen in some reptilian groups. Many of the reptile-like details of the postcranial skeleton are possibly related to carrying the substantial trunk; these may be independently derived traits on ''Diadectes'' and their relatives. Though very similar, they would be analogous rather than homologous to those of early amniotes such as pelycosaurs and pareiasaurs, as the first reptiles evolved from small, swamp-dwelling animals like ''Casineria'' and ''Westlothiana''. Carroll R.L. (1991): The origin of reptiles. In: Schultze H.-P., Trueb L., (ed) ''Origins of the higher groups of tetrapods — controversy and consensus''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp 331-353. Laurin, M. (2004): The Evolution of Body Size, Cope's Rule and the Origin of Amniotes. ''Systematic Biology'' no 53 (4): pp 594-622.
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/ref> The phenomenon of unrelated animals evolving similarly is known as convergent evolution.

Discovery

''Diadectes'' was first named and described by American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1878, based on part of a lower jaw (AMNH 4360) from the Permian of Texas. Cope noted: "Teeth with short and much compressed crowns, whose long axis is transverse to that of the jaws," the feature expressed in the generic name ''Diadectes'' "crosswise biter" (from Greek ''dia'' "crosswise" + Greek ''dēktēs'' "biter"). He described the animal as "in all probability, herbivorous." Cope's neo-Latin type species name ''sideropelicus'' (from Greek ''sidēros'' "iron" + Greek ''pēlos'' "clay" + -''ikos'') "of iron clay" alluded to the Wichita beds in Texas, where the fossil was found.
''Diadectes'' fossil remains are known from a number of locations across North America, especially the Texas Red Beds ( Wichita and Clear Fork).

Classification and species

Numerous species have been assigned to ''Diadectes'', though most of those have proven to be synonyms of one another. Similarly, many supposed separate genera of diadectids have been shown to be junior synonyms of ''Diadectes''. One of these, ''Nothodon'', was actually published by Othniel Charles Marsh five days before the name ''Diadectes'' was published by his rival Cope. Despite this fact, in 1912, Case synonymized the two names and treated ''Diadectes'' as the senior synonym, which has been followed by other paleontologists since, despite the fact that it violates the rules of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).Kissel, R. (2010). "Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha)." Thesis (Graduate Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto).

Phylogeny

A phylogenetic analysis of ''Diadectes'' and related diadectids was presented in an unpublished PhD thesis by Richard Kissel in 2010. Previous phylogenetic analyses of diadectids had found ''D. sanmiguelensis'' and ''D. absitus'' to be more basal than other species of ''Diadectes'', outside the derived clade composed of these species. In these analyses, '' Diasparactus zenos'' was more closely related to the other species of ''Diadectes'' than was ''D. sanmiguelensis'' and ''D. absitus'', making ''Diadectes'' paraphyletic. Kissel recovered this paraphyly in his analysis and proposed the new genus name "Oradectes" for ''D. sanmiguelensis'', and "Silvadectes" for ''D. absitus''. Below is the cladogram from Kissel's thesis:

However, according to the ICZN, a name presented in an initially unpublished thesis such as Kissel's is not valid ('' nomen ex dissertationae''). Because the names "Oradectes" and "Silvadectes" have not yet been formally erected in a published paper, they were not, as of 2010, considered valid. A 2024 paper formally erected the genus '' Kuwavaatakdectes'' for ''D. sanmiguelensis''. The same paper also named another ''Diadectes'' species, ''D. dreigleichenensis'', which coexisted with ''D. absitus'' in the Tambach Formation of Germany.

References

* Parker, Steve. Dinosaurus: the complete guide to dinosaurs. Firefly Books Inc, 2003. Pg. 83
* Benton, M. J. (2000), ''Vertebrate Paleontology'', 2nd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd
* Carroll, R. L. (1988), ''Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution'', WH Freeman & Co.
* Colbert, E. H., (1969), ''Evolution of the Vertebrates'', John Wiley & Sons Inc (2nd ed.)
* Reisz, Robert, (no date),
Biology 356 - Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution - Anthracosaurs and Diadectomorphs

{{Taxonbar, from=Q132762

Diadectidae
Cisuralian tetrapods of North America
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Fossil taxa described in 1878
Artinskian genus first appearances
Kungurian genus extinctions
Cisuralian tetrapods of Europe