Chilliwack

Chilliwack ( ) is a city of about 100,000 people and in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located about east of the City of Vancouver in the Fraser Valley. The enumerated population is 93,203 in the city and 113,767 in the greater metropolitan area.

About two-thirds of city land is protected as part of the Agricultural Land Reserve, and agriculture accounts for about 30 percent of the local economy. The city is bounded on the north side by the Fraser River, on the south side by the Vedder River and Canada–United States border, and is surrounded by tall mountain peaks, such as Mount Cheam and Slesse Mountain.

Etymology

In Halq'eméylem, the language of the Stó:lō communities around Chilliwack and Sardis, ''Tcil'Qe'uk'' means "valley of many streams". It also lends its name to the Chilliwack River, and group of aboriginal people, the ''Ts'elxwéyeqw'' (also spelt ''Ts'elxwíqw'' or ''Sts'elxwíqw''). The spelling of Chilliwack is sometimes a matter of confusion. Prior to the amalgamation of the City of Chilliwack and the Municipality of Chilliwhack, there were two different spellings. When amalgamated, the current spelling of the city was adopted. Anglicized spellings include "Chilliwhyeuk" and other versions closer to the original Halq'eméylem.

History

The archeological record shows evidence of Stó:lō people in the Fraser Valley, or ''S'ólh Téméxw'', 10,000 years ago. Permanent structures in the Chilliwack area date from around 5,000 years ago. It is estimated that at the time of the first contact with Europeans, there were as many as 40,000 people living within Stó:lō territory.

19th century

In the mid-nineteenth century, thousands of gold miners transited the area ''en route'' to the goldfields of the upper Fraser River. By the mid-1860s, settlers had established farms around Codville's Landing, Miller's Landing, Minto Landing, Sumas Landing, and Chilliwack Landing along the Fraser River.

On April 26, 1873, the "Corporation of the Township of Chilliwhack" (note the variant spelling) became the third municipality incorporated by the Province of British Columbia. The town centre at the time was concentrated at Chilliwack Landing along the Fraser River. Steamboats were the main mode of transportation, carrying goods and passengers between Chilliwhack and New Westminster. After the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1885, many residents began to cross the Fraser River at Minto Landing to ride the train from Harrison Mills.

In 1881, with little room for expansion and the threat of floods constantly looming, the town centre was moved south to "Five Corners" at the junction of the New Westminster-Yale Wagon Road, Wellington Avenue and Young Road. This subdivision was initially named "Centreville", but later was renamed "Chilliwack", as it was more commonly referred to by locals in 1887. The area would experience catastrophic flooding in 1894, 1935, 1948 and 2021.

On April 20, 1891, Richard Plunkett Cooke, George de Wolf, and Walter E. Graveley established the Chilliwhack Railway Company.

Early 20th century

On February 20, 1908, the area that was then known as ''Chilliwack'', i.e., the subdivision within the greater ''Chilliwhack Township'', was proclaimed as the ''City of Chilliwack'' by letters patent issued by the provincial government under the ''Chilliwack City Incorporation Act''. The ''City of Chilliwack'' and the ''Township of Chilliwhack'' co-existed as separately administered municipalities until 1980.

On October 4, 1910, the British Columbia Electric Railway began operating regularly scheduled passenger service on the New Westminster–Chilliwack Interurban Line.

In 1941, Camp Chilliwack was established following Canada's entry into the Second World War in 1939. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the camp was expanded to garrison Canadian Army units for the defence of Canada's West Coast. It continued to be used as a permanent training facility and army garrison during the Cold War. Following the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, the base was renamed Canadian Forces Base Chilliwack (CFB Chilliwack). The base housed the following units:

Late 20th century

On January 1, 1980, the ''Township of Chilliwhack'' and the ''City of Chilliwack'' amalgamated to form a single municipality styled the ''District of Chilliwack'', following the passage of referendae in both municipalities. On July 16, 1999, the ''District of Chilliwack'', once again, was renamed the ''City of Chilliwack''. To the present day, locals idiosyncratically use the same name to refer to the city as a whole, and to the old city centre. It is also the name of the greater metropolitan area encompassing adjacent sovereign indigenous nations, municipalities, and unincorporated areas.

In 1997, following the end of the Cold War a few years earlier, CFB Chilliwack closed. Its training facilities were converted into the Canada Education Park, a campus for multiple institutions, including the Justice Institute of British Columbia, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the University of the Fraser Valley, and the Western Area Training Centre (WATC). Today it also houses supply depots for the 39 Canadian Brigade Group of the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Army Cadets. The old quartermaster warehouse became the Canadian Military Education Centre Museum.

Geography

Chilliwack is located in the Upper Fraser Valley, 100 kilometres (60 mi) east of Vancouver on the Trans-Canada Highway. The city is bounded on the north by the Fraser River, and on the south by the Canada-United States border.

Chilliwack is surrounded by tall mountain peaks, such as Mount Cheam and Slesse Mountain, and large rivers (the Fraser and Vedder).

Geology

The Chilliwack Batholith forms much of the North Cascades in southwestern British Columbia, Canada and the U.S. state of Washington. The geological structure is primarily named after the City of Chilliwack, where it is the most notable geological feature.

The Chilliwack Batholith is part of the Pemberton Volcanic Belt and is the largest mass of exposed intrusive rock in the Cascade Volcanic Arc. The age of the Chilliwack batholith ranges from 26 to 29 million years old.

In 2013, ''Maclean's'' reported that, with an average annual temperature of , Chilliwack is the warmest city in Canada.

Cityscape

The city is made up of several amalgamated villages and communities. The urban core follows a north–south axis bisected by the Trans-Canada Highway. The city is bounded in the north by the Fraser River, in the east by the Eastern Hillsides, in the south by the Canada–US border, and in the west by the Vedder Canal. With 939 farms on approximately of dedicated farmland, farming remains an important part of the Chilliwack landscape.

Neighbourhoods

Neighbourhoods on the north side

Also referred to as "Chilliwack Proper Village West", the north side covers the area from the Trans-Canada Highway in the south, to the Fraser River in the north, and includes the communities of Camp River, Chilliwack Mountain, Downtown Chilliwack, East Chilliwack, Fairfield Island, Rosedale and Popkum. Downtown Chilliwack is the historical urban centre of the city. Several cultural attractions, such as the Chilliwack Coliseum, Chilliwack Cultural Centre, The Book Man and the Eagle Landing Shopping Centre are located there, as well as key government buildings, such as city hall, FVRD offices, and the Provincial Court of British Columbia.

Neighbourhoods on the south side

The south side includes the communities of Atchelitz, Cultus Lake Park, Greendale, Promontory Heights, Ryder Lake, Sardis, Vedder Crossing, Garrison Crossing and Yarrow. Sardis is the urban core of the south side and is a popular shopping destination.

Parks

* Bridal Veil Falls Provincial Park
* Cheam Wetlands Regional Park
* Chilliwack Heritage Park
* Chilliwack Lake Provincial Park
* Cultus Lake Provincial Park
* Fairfield Park
* Great Blue Heron Nature Reserve
* Gwynne Vaughn Park
* Island 22
* Salish Park
* Sardis Park
* Townsend Park

Arts and culture

Music

Chilliwack has an active rock music scene, centering mostly around young ska and punk rock bands. Bands originating in Chilliwack include: These Kids Wear Crowns, Mystery Machine, and The Darkest of the Hillside Thickets.

Chilliwack also has a thriving classical music community, featuring the Chilliwack Symphony Orchestra and the Chilliwack Metropolitan Orchestra.

The drumline from Sardis Secondary School played at several venues during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

Chilliwack also offers many other community events and classes throughout the year. The Downtown Chilliwack Business Improvement Association is hosting music in Central Park on Saturdays for the month of August 2022.

Despite their name, the band Chilliwack was actually formed, and is based, in nearby Vancouver.

Performing arts

The Chilliwack Cultural Centre is a performing arts venue located in downtown Chilliwack. The building is home to the Chilliwack Players' Guild (the resident theatre company), as well as the Chilliwack Academy of Music.

The UFV Theatre is a 206-seat thrust stage venue formerly belonging to the University of the Fraser Valley (UFV) Theatre Department. Until 2017, UFV produced three or four mainstage shows each year, as well as the annual Directors' Festival, which featured student directors and performers from UFV, Capilano University, Thompson Rivers University, University of Victoria, UBC and Douglas College. As of 2021, the theatre is part of the Imagine High public high school.

The Chilliwack School of Performing Arts provides pre-professional training in acting, singing and dancing to children ages 3–18 at their downtown location. The mainstage show performs a two-week run every January at the Chilliwack Cultural Centre, and a Spring Festival featuring performances from many age groups in late May. Programs at the Chilliwack Performing Arts can be registered for at. Many different programs are available, including a Junior Musical Theatre and Summer Break Camps.

Public Art

The Chilliwack Mural Festival occurs annually. Co-founded and directed by Amber Price and Lise Oakley, their volunteer team has curated and directed the installation of over three dozen works of large scale original art in Historic Downtown Chilliwack.

Murals by Canadian Artists Emmanuel Jarus, Jason Botkin and Chris Perez can be found along with other public art via th
Chilliwack Public Art Trail

Festivals

Annual events and festivals include:

Museums

* Chilliwack Sports Hall of Fame
* Canadian Military Education Centre
* Chilliwack Museum and Archives, located in the 1912 former Chilliwack City Hall on Spadina Avenue, is a National Historic Site of Canada. The Chilliwack Museum and Archives are a non-profit organization operated by the Chilliwack Museum and Historical Society which began in 1958 by brothers Oliver and Casey Wells.

Notable people

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Media

Newspapers

* Chilliwack Progress – British Columbia's oldest community newspaper, published continuously with the same name in the same community since April 1891
Chilliwack Times published its final edition on December 28, 2016.

Radio

*FM 89.5 – CHWK-FM
*FM 91.7 – CBYF-FM
*FM 98.3 – CKSR-FM
*FM 99.9 – CBU-FM-7
*FM 102.1 – CBUF-FM-1
*FM 107.5 – CKKS-FM

Television

*Channel 11 CHAN-TV-1 Global

Sports

Ice hockey

Chilliwack is home to two Junior ice hockey clubs. The Chilliwack Chiefs of the independent British Columbia Hockey League plays its home games at the Chilliwack Coliseum. The Chilliwack Jets of the Pacific Junior Hockey League plays its home games at the Sardis Ice Complex. The Chilliwack Minor Hockey Association was founded in 1958 with the opening of the original Chilliwack Coliseum. The Western Hockey League announced that it planned to establish an expansion franchise in Chilliwack in 2026.

Football

The Canadian Junior Football League club the Valley Huskers plays its home games at Exhibition Stadium in Chilliwack.

Trivia

* Chilliwack Turbo Fastball club won the 1997 Canadian Jr. Men's National Championships. In 2013 the team was an inaugural induction into the Chilliwack Sports Hall of Fame.

* Chilliwack's minor baseball Cougars were the 2003 Midget AAA Provincial champions as well as the 2006 Western Canadian tier 2 champions. Chilliwack Cougars College Prep Baseball Team won the Provincial Championship in 2016, 2017 and 2019. Most recent title against the Ridge Meadows Royals.

* Sardis Flyers Are a speed skating club based out of Sardis Sports Complex.

* Chilliwack Hawks Field Lacrosse Are a field lacrosse team that play at Stitos Elementary and Middle School.

* Chilliwack Minor Lacrosse Mustangs are a minor league lacrosse team that play at the Sardis Sports Complex.

* Chilliwack hosted the 2007–2008 Synchronized Skating Canadian Championships at the Prospera Centre.

Climate

The climate is typical oceanic (Köppen: ''Cfb'') but with some influence of the land mass being some distance from the sea, similar to Orléans (although the former has a precipitation more than twice as long and with a tendency towards the Mediterranean pattern). Chilliwack's mild climate with limited extremes provides excellent growing conditions for a wide variety of crops and agricultural products. In fact, when averaged from 1981 to 2010, Chilliwack had one of the warmest mean temperatures for any city in Canada.

The highest temperature recorded within the city of Chilliwack is on June 28, 2021, which was set during the 2021 Western North America Heat wave, beating the old mark of recorded on July 21, 2006. The lowest recorded temperature was on December 27, 1968. Precipitation falls mostly as rain, with snow limited to the surrounding mountains, except for two or three weeks per year generally in December or January when arctic outflow occurs. In 2013, Maclean's wrongly reported that with an average annual temperature of , Chilliwack is the warmest city in Canada. The actual warmest city in Canada is Victoria, with an average annual temperature of . Chilliwack enjoys some of the warmest average high temperatures in Canada, with 15.5 °C (59.9 °F) being the yearly average high.

Chilliwack receives nearly the same number of days of precipitation (184.6 days at greater than 0.2 mm) as comparable local communities nearer Vancouver such as Maple Ridge (185.8 days) and the City of Mission (186.0 days) (Environment Canada Statistics). Summers in Chilliwack are usually sunny and warm, with long days (light out until well after 10 pm in June with dusk that lasts for hours) and with occasional stretches of heat where temperatures rise above .

Due to its location at the eastern end of the Fraser Valley, there has been some debate about preserving Chilliwack's air quality. However, the 2011 World Health Organization's study of air quality shows that Chilliwack enjoys air quality among the best in the world. For PM₁₀ (10  μm) size particulates, Canada averaged third best in the world (along with Australia) at an average of 13 micrograms per cubic metre. The City of Chilliwack and the Greater Vancouver Regional District were tied at a low 8.0 MPCM. For smaller particulate of 2.5 μm size (PM_2.5), "the City of Chilliwack averaged 4.9 micrograms per cubic metre. Vancouver also had 4.9, Calgary had 5.6, Winnipeg had 5.6, Toronto had 7.9, Montreal had 11.2 and Sarnia had 12.7."

Demographics

Metropolitan Area

According to the 2021 census, the Chilliwack Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) has a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it has a population density of .

City of Chilliwack

According to the 2021 census, the City of Chilliwack has a population of 93,203 living in 35,758 of its 37,124 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 83,788. With a land area of , it has a population density of .

Ethnicity

Religion

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Chilliwack included:
*Irreligion (45,475 persons or 49.4%)
*Christianity (41,875 persons or 45.5%)
*Sikhism (1,570 persons or 1.7%)
*Islam (750 persons or 0.8%)
*Buddhism in Canada, Buddhism (575 persons or 0.6%)
*Hinduism in Canada, Hinduism (575 persons or 0.6%)
*Judaism in Canada, Judaism (120 persons or 0.1%)
*Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous Spirituality (105 persons or 0.1%)

Economy

Chilliwack is part of the Lower Mainland, Lower Mainland-Southwest economic region. Chilliwack's service and retail sectors account for approximately 50% of Gross Domestic Product, GDP. Other growing industries include manufacturing accounting for 13%, construction at 8% and agriculture and forestry at 5% of Chilliwack's GDP.

Transportation

Airports

Vancouver International Airport is located about from downtown Chilliwack and has non-stop flights daily to Asia, Europe, Oceania, the United States, and Mexico, and other airports within Canada. Abbotsford International Airport is located about west of Downtown Chilliwack and offers scheduled service to Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Victoria, where passengers can connect to anywhere.

Chilliwack Airport is a small regional airport located in Downtown Chilliwack. It has of paved and lit runway that includes a parallel taxiway. Approximately 70% of the estimated 60,000 annual air traffic movements are itinerant traffic that consists of both pilot training and recreational flights from all around BC and south of the border.

Active transportation

There are of active transportation throughout the city, the most ''per capita'' of any municipality in the Lower Mainland.

Highways

A British Columbia Highway 1, four-lane to six-lane expressway from Horseshoe Bay, British Columbia, Horseshoe Bay to Hope, British Columbia, Hope runs through Chilliwack on the Lower Mainland section of the Trans-Canada Highway.

The British Columbia Highway 9, Agassiz-Rosedale Highway is a north–south route in the eastern part of Chilliwack that acts as the last connection between Highways British Columbia Highway 1, 1 and British Columbia Highway 7, 7 eastbound before Hope, British Columbia, Hope, and is the main access to the resort village of Harrison Hot Springs, British Columbia, Harrison Hot Springs. The highway first opened in 1953, originally going between Yale Road in Rosedale, British Columbia, Rosedale and Highway 7, with a ferry across the Fraser River. A bridge replaced the ferry in 1956. When the section of Highway 1 east of Chilliwack opened in 1961, Highway 9 was extended south to a junction with the new Highway 1 alignment, which replaced Yale Road as the main route between Chilliwack and Hope.

Mass transit

Chilliwack Transit System consists of a fleet of 9 buses that operate along regularly scheduled routes throughout the metropolitan area.

Passenger rail

Chilliwack historically was served by the British Columbia Electric Railway New Westminster–Chilliwack interurban line. The company announced its "Rails-to-Rubber" conversion programme in 1944, and the Chilliwack line ceased service in 1950.

Chilliwack is served by Via Rail's The Canadian as a flag stop. The town is only served by westbound trains towards Vancouver. Eastbound trains call at Agassiz, British Columbia along the Canadian Pacific Railway, CPR tracks, on the other side of the Fraser River. This split in service between Pacific Central Station, Vancouver and Ashcroft station, Ashcroft is due to CN and CPR utilizing Double-track railway#Directional running, directional running through the Thompson River, Thompson- and Fraser Canyon.

In 2019, the South Fraser Community Rail Society was launched by former BC premier Bill Vander Zalm and former mayor of Langley, British Columbia (district municipality), Langley Township Rick Green, to resurrect passenger service using the former British Columbia Electric Railway, BCER right-of-way. The proposed light-rail line would be long.

Education

Post-secondary

Canada Education Park is an campus in the Vedder Crossing neighbourhood on the south side of Chilliwack that houses several post-secondary institutions, including the University of the Fraser Valley, the RCMP "E" Division, RCMP Pacific Region Training Centre, and the Justice Institute of British Columbia.

The University of the Fraser Valley (UFV) is the largest post-secondary school in Chilliwack, and the seventh largest in British Columbia in terms of full-time enrolment. It offers master's degrees, bachelor's degrees, associate degrees, diplomas, certificates and citations across a range of programs in fine arts, humanities, science, social sciences, applied communication, business, nursing, as well as technical and trade programs. Its campuses are located in Abbotsford, Chilliwack, Hope and Mission.

Private

Public

The ''Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique'' operates one Francophone school: ''école La Vérendrye'' primary school.Carte des écoles
." ''Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britanique''. Retrieved on January 22, 2015.

See also

*Chilliwack City Council
*School District 33 Chilliwack, Chilliwack school district
*Chilliwack—Hope (federal electoral district), Chilliwack—Hope federal electoral district
*Chilliwack (electoral district), Chilliwack provincial electoral district
*Chilliwack-Kent, Chilliwack-Kent provincial electoral district
*Neighbourhoods in Chilliwack
*Chilliwack (band)
*Fraser Valley Regional District

References

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Chilliwack,
Cities in British Columbia
Populated places on the Fraser River