Chief Paulina or Pahninee was a

Northern Paiute Northern may refer to the following: Geography * North, a point in direction * Northern Europe, the northern part or region of Europe * Northern Highland, a region of Wisconsin, United States * Northern Province, Sri Lanka * Northern Range, a ...

war leader noted for his successful

guerrilla Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, Partisan (military), partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians, which may include Children in the military, recruite ...

tactics. He is known to have been active from 1859 until his death in 1867.

Resistance against colonization

During the late 1850s and 1860s, Paulina led the Hunipuitoka band, a band of Northern Paiutes that violently resisted encroachment on their lands. The band refused to relocate to a

Native American reservation An American Indian reservation is an area of land held and governed by a U.S. federal government-recognized Native American tribal nation, whose government is autonomous, subject to regulations passed by the United States Congress and admini ...

and attacked settler communities traveling through or living on Paiute lands in central and eastern

Oregon Oregon ( , ) is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is a part of the Western U.S., with the Columbia River delineating much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while t ...

and the

Klamath Basin The Klamath Basin is the region in the U.S. states of Oregon and California drained by the Klamath River. It contains most of Klamath County and parts of Lake and Jackson counties in Oregon, and parts of Del Norte, Humboldt, Modoc, Siskiyou, ...

. Paulina became the most notorious war leader in those raids. He was known for the swiftness of his attacks and his ability to evade capture by both volunteer regiments and U.S. Army detachments under General

George Crook George R. Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer who served in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. He is best known for commanding U.S. forces in the Geronimo Campaign, 1886 campaign that ...

. He led a small band (including his brother

Wahveveh Chief Wahveveh, also spelled WewawewaFowler and Liljeblad, 457 (died 1866) was a Northern Paiute warrior and half-brother of Chief Paulina. During the raids of the 1860s in Central Oregon, Wahveveh aided his brother in attacks on the Warm Springs ...

) that raided and stole livestock and horses, causing fear within nearby communities. The band also attacked Indians living on the

Warm Springs Indian Reservation The Warm Springs Indian Reservation consists of in north-central Oregon, in the United States, and is governed by the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs. Tribes Three tribes form the confederation: the Wasco, Tenino (Warm Springs) and ...

. There has been some speculation that Paulina's hatred for the Warm Springs Indians and white settlers occurred in April 1859 when Dr. Thomas Fitch led Native Americans from the Warm Springs Indian Reservation to attack a band of Paiutes in the valley of the

John Day River The John Day River is a tributary of the Columbia River, approximately long, in northeastern Oregon in the United States. It is known as the Mah-Hah River by the Cayuse people. Undammed along its entire length, the river is the fourth longest ...

. The party killed 10 Paiute warriors, capturing the women and children and the rest of the band. Among those captured were Paulina and Wahveveh, both of whom were later sent to

Fort Dalles Fort Dalles was a United States Army outpost located on the Columbia River at the present location of The Dalles, Oregon, in the United States. Built when Oregon was a territory, the post was used mainly for dealing with wars with Native Americ ...

only to be imprisoned for a short time. Captain John M. Drake led one of the first military campaigns into the area. Paulina defeated an army attack on his camp near Juniper Butte, and the conflicts increased. The Paiute threat was broken up into two bands led by Paulina, of the Walpapi band, and Weahwewa, of the Kidutokado band. In one particular incident, Paulina arranged peace talks with the Chief of the Wascos, Queapama. However, under that guise, Paulina had one of his braves murder Queapama. While predatory bands such as Paulina's certainly profited from these attacks, they ultimately contributed to the climate of hostility that increased the level of violence and the death toll in the region. All the resident groups—settlers, native communities at Warm Springs and Umatilla, and the Northern Paiute—engaged in retaliatory actions that resulted in the deaths of dozens of people, including women and children. After U.S. Army forces captured Paiute hostages and held them prisoner at Ft. Klamath,Oregon Historical Society
''Chief Paulina''.
Accessed 7 April 2010. including Paulina's sister, wife and son, Paulina and the other leaders of the Hunipuitöka Paiute agreed to sign a treaty in early 1865. To avoid starvation, Paulina and his group left the Klamath Reservation on April 22, 1866, in spite of the treaty agreement they considered unfair.Some Antelope Oregon History.
Accessed 10 December 2014. When they left, Howluck contacted him looking for aid to exact revenge for the killing of his followers by California troops in the Guano Valley.

Burnt Ranch

On September 15, 1866, Paulina and his band of fourteen Paiutes attacked the ranch of James N. Clark near the junction of Bridge Creek and the

. The raiders burned the house, stables, of hay, of oats and barley, and stole two horses and a cow, causing an estimated $6,494 of damage. Clark's wife was visiting her parents in the Willamette Valley at the time, but an unarmed Clark and his 18-year-old brother-in-law were collecting driftwood on the John Day when they saw the Paiutes. Paulina and his band spotted them and gave chase, but Clark managed to escape, and his brother-in-law hid in the river with only his nose out of the water for several hours undetected, although nearing hypothermia. Clark was able to gather a posse to try to salvage some of his stolen property. One year after Paulina left the Klamath Reservation on April 25, 1867, Clark shot and scalped Paulina in a retaliatory attack led by settlers and Howard Maupin. Paulina's last engagement took place at a cove later named Paulina Basin, located in northeastern Jefferson County near the town of

Ashwood, Oregon Ashwood is a ghost town in Jefferson County, Oregon, United States, northeast of Madras. Ashwood was named for its proximity to Ash Butte, a butte with volcanic ash deposits on its sides, and to honor Whitfield T. Wood, who settled in the are ...

. Maupin took credit for killing PaulinaEric Flowers
''Who Killed Paulina?''
Bend Bulletin. 13 February 2008. Accessed 10 December 2010. and nailed Paulina's scalp to the wall of his barn as a trophy.

Resistance against colonization

Burnt Ranch

References

Further reading