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There are hundreds of
chicken The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domestication, domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey junglefowl, grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster ...
breeds in existence.
Domesticated Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which humans assume a significant degree of control over the reproduction and care of another group of organisms to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that group. A ...
for thousands of years, distinguishable breeds of chicken have been present since the combined factors of geographical isolation and
selection Selection may refer to: Science * Selection (biology), also called natural selection, selection in evolution ** Sex selection, in genetics ** Mate selection, in mating ** Sexual selection in humans, in human sexuality ** Human mating strat ...
for desired characteristics created regional types with distinct physical and behavioral traits passed on to their offspring. The physical traits used to distinguish chicken breeds are size,
plumage Plumage ( "feather") is a layer of feathers that covers a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage differ between species and subspecies and may vary with age classes. Within species, ...
color,
comb A comb is a tool consisting of a shaft that holds a row of teeth for pulling through the hair to clean, untangle, or style it. Combs have been used since Prehistory, prehistoric times, having been discovered in very refined forms from settlemen ...
type, skin color, number of toes, amount of feathering,
egg An egg is an organic vessel grown by an animal to carry a possibly fertilized egg cell (a zygote) and to incubate from it an embryo within the egg until the embryo has become an animal fetus that can survive on its own, at which point the a ...
color, and place of origin. They are also roughly divided by primary use, whether for eggs, meat, or ornamental purposes, and with some considered to be dual-purpose. In the 21st century, chickens are frequently bred according to predetermined
breed standard In animal husbandry or animal fancy, a breed standard is a description of the characteristics of a hypothetical or ideal example of a breed. The description may include physical or morphological detail, genetic criteria, or criteria of athlet ...
s set down by governing organizations. The first of such standards was the
British Poultry Standard The front cover of the 6th Edition of the British Poultry Standards. The ''British Poultry Standard'' is the oldest poultry fancy breed standard in the world. It is published by the Poultry Club of Great Britain and is the official referenc ...
, which is still in publication today. Other standards include the
Standard of Perfection The ''American Standard of Perfection'' is the official breed standard for the poultry fancy in North America. First published in 1874 by the American Poultry Association, the ''Standard of Perfection'' (commonly referred to as "the ''Standar ...
, the
Australian Poultry Standard The ''Australian Poultry Standards'' is the official breed standard for poultry fancy in Australia. It is the standard of perfection from which all poultry in Australia is supposed to be judged when exhibited at poultry shows. It is published ...
, and the standard of the American Bantam Association, which deals exclusively with bantam fowl. Only some of the known breeds are included in these publications, and only those breeds are eligible to be shown competitively. There are additionally a few
hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two diff ...
strains which are common in the poultry world, especially in large poultry farms. These types are first generation crosses of true breeds. Hybrids do not reliably pass on their features to their offspring, but are highly valued for their producing abilities. __NOTOC__


By place of origin


Afghanistan


Albania


Australia


Austria


Belgium


Brazil


Bulgaria


Canada


Chile

*
Araucana The Araucana ( es, Gallina Mapuche, italic=no) is a breed of domestic chicken from Chile. Its name derives from the Araucanía region of Chile where it is believed to have originated. It lays blue-shelled eggs, one of very few breeds that do so. ...


China


Croatia

* Hrvatica (Croatian Hen, Kokoš Hrvatica)


Cuba

*
Cubalaya The Cubalaya is a Cuban breed of domestic chicken. It is the only chicken breed with official recognition from the Asociación Nacional de Avicultura, the Cuban national poultry association. It derives from Sumatra and Malay birds brought to Cuba ...


Cyprus

*
Cypriot chicken Cypriot (in older sources often "Cypriote") refers to someone or something of, from, or related to the country of Cyprus. * Cypriot people, or of Cypriot descent; this includes: ** Armenian Cypriots ** Greek Cypriots **Maronite Cypriots ** Turk ...


Czech Republic


Egypt


Finland


France


Germany


Large breeds


Bantams


Greece


Iceland

* Icelandic chicken


India


Indonesia


Iran

* 
Black Azerbaijan Marandi Black is a color which results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white have of ...


Italy


Japan


Korea

*
Jangmigye The Jangmigye is a breed of long-tail fowl that originated in Mahan of ancient Korea. Korea's people's call 긴꼬리닭 (Ginkkori-dak) in a pure Korean. "긴" is long, "꼬리" is tail, "닭" is chicken. It appears in a single-comb variety ...


Kosovo

*
Kosova Long-crowing The Kosovo Longcrower or Kosovo Long Crowing Rooster is a breed of chicken originating in Kosovo. It developed as a landrace in the area of the Drenica in Kosovo, and thus in the Albanian language it is commonly called ''Rooster of Drenica''. Or ...


Malaysia

*
Kampung A kampong (''kampung'' in Malay and Indonesian) is the term for a village in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore and a "port" in Cambodia. The term applies to traditional villages, especially of the indigenous people, and has also been used t ...
*
Malay Malay may refer to: Languages * Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore ** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century ** Indonesi ...
*
Serama The Serama ( ms, Ayam Serama, italic=no), also called the Malaysian Serama, is a bantam breed of chicken originating in Malaysia within the last 50 years. History Serama originate in the Malaysian state of Kelantan, apparently through the cros ...


Mariana Islands

*
Saipan Jungle Fowl The Taiwanese Game or Taiwan is a breed of large game chicken originating in the island of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa. It is among the largest of chicken breeds, and may exceed in body weight. It shows some similarity to large Japanese ...


Myanmar

* Burmese * Pama Game


Netherlands


Norway

*
Norwegian Jærhøne Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe *Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway *Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including the ...


Pakistan


Philippines

*
Banaba BanabaThe correct spelling and etymology in Gilbertese should be ''Bwanaba'' but the Constitution of Kiribati writes Banaba. Because of the spelling in English or French, the name was very often written Paanapa or Paanopa, as it was in 1901 A ...
Breeds reported by Philippines: Chicken
Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2014.Feleciano R. Bejar, Manuel J. Baylon, Jaime B. Fabillar, Lagrito Ebert B. Mante, Arturo A. Ultra, Reynaldo R. Aquino, Elvie T. Bejar (2012)
''Management Practices and Morphological Characterization of Indigenous (Native) Chickens in Samar Province''
. Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture: Agriculture & Development Discussion Paper Series No. 2012-3. *
Bolinao Bolinao, officially the Municipality of Bolinao ( pag, Baley na Bolinao; ilo, Ili ti Bolinao; tgl, Bayan ng Bolinao), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of ...
*
Camarines Ambos Camarines ( es, ambos, meaning "both"; commonly known as Camarines), officially the Province of Ambos Camarines, was a historical province in the Philippines found on the northern end of the Bicol Peninsula. It now exists as two separate ...
* Darag * Paraoakan or Parawakan


Poland

*
Polbar The Polbar is a breed of chicken from Poland. It was created between 1946 and 1954 by Laura Kaufman, who crossed the native Polish Green-legged Partridge breed with American Plymouth Rock birds. The aim was to introduce the barred gene of t ...
* Zielononóżka Kuropatwiana (Green-legged Partridge)Domestic Animal Diversity Information System
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed January 2012. * Polish chicken


Portugal


Romania

* Transylvanian Naked-neck


Russia


Serbia


Slovakia

* Oravka


Slovenia


South Africa


Spain


Sweden


Switzerland


Taiwan

* Taiwanese Game


Thailand

*
Gai Chon Gai or GAI may refer to: People Given name or nickname * GAI (musician) (born 1987), Chinese hip-hop musician * Gai Assulin (born 1991), Israeli footballer * Gai Brodtmann (born 1963), Australian politician * Gai Eaton (1921–2010), Brit ...
*
Gai Puen Muang Gai or GAI may refer to: People Given name or nickname * GAI (musician) (born 1987), Chinese hip-hop musician * Gai Assulin (born 1991), Israeli footballer * Gai Brodtmann (born 1963), Australian politician * Gai Eaton (1921–2010), Brit ...
* Pradu Hang Dum or Pradu Hang Dam Chiangmai *
Thai Game The Thai Game is a breed of hard feather fighting chicken, originating in Thailand, and known as th, ไก่ชน. Since 2009 they have been recognised by the British Poultry Standards. They are described as of Malayoid type, with similaritie ...


Turkey


Ukraine

*
Poltava Poltava (, ; uk, Полтава ) is a city located on the Vorskla River in central Ukraine. It is the capital city of the Poltava Oblast (province) and of the surrounding Poltava Raion (district) of the oblast. Poltava is administrative ...


United Kingdom


United States of America


Vietnam


By primary use

All chickens lay
eggs Humans and human ancestors have scavenged and eaten animal eggs for millions of years. Humans in Southeast Asia had domesticated chickens and harvested their eggs for food by 1,500 BCE. The most widely consumed eggs are those of fowl, especial ...
, have edible meat, and possess a unique appearance. However, distinct breeds are the result of selective breeding to emphasize certain traits. Any breed may be used for general
agricultural Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled peopl ...
purposes, and all breeds are shown to some degree. But each chicken breed is known for a primary use.


Eggs

Many breeds were selected and are used primarily for producing
eggs Humans and human ancestors have scavenged and eaten animal eggs for millions of years. Humans in Southeast Asia had domesticated chickens and harvested their eggs for food by 1,500 BCE. The most widely consumed eggs are those of fowl, especial ...
, these are mostly light-weight birds whose hens do not go broody often.


Meat

Most farms and homesteads use dual-purpose breeds for meat production. Some breeds are raised mainly for meat:


Dual-purpose

The generalist breeds used in barnyards worldwide are adaptable utility birds good at producing both meat and eggs. Though some may be slightly better for one of these purposes, they are usually called ''dual-purpose'' breeds.


Exhibition

Since the 19th century,
poultry fancy Animal fancy is a hobby involving the appreciation, promotion, or breeding of pet or domestic animals. Fancy may include ownership, showing, animal sports and other competitions, and breeding. Hobbyists may simply collect specimens of the anima ...
, the breeding and competitive exhibition of
poultry Poultry () are domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, their meat or their feathers. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quail ...
as a hobby, has grown to be a huge influence on chicken breeds. Many breeds have always been kept for ornamental purposes, and others have been shifted from their original use to become first and foremost exhibition fowl, even if they may retain some inherent utility. Since the sport of
cockfighting A cockfight is a blood sport, held in a ring called a cockpit. The history of raising fowl for fighting goes back 6,000 years. The first documented use of the ''word'' gamecock, denoting use of the cock as to a "game", a sport, pastime or ent ...
has been outlawed in the developed world, most breeds first developed for this purpose, called
game A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (su ...
fowl, are now seen principally in the show ring rather than the cock pit as
fighting cocks A cockfight is a blood sport, held in a ring called a cockpit. The history of raising fowl for fighting goes back 6,000 years. The first documented use of the ''word'' gamecock, denoting use of the cock as to a "game", a sport, pastime or ente ...
.


Bantams

Most large chicken breeds have a bantam counterpart, sometimes referred to as a ''miniature''. Miniatures are usually one-fifth to one-quarter the size of the standard breed, but they are expected to exhibit all of the standard breed's characteristics. A ''true bantam'' has no large counterpart, and is naturally small. The true bantams include:


Crossbreeds

Many common strains of
crossbred A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. ''Crossbreeding'', sometimes called "designer crossbreeding", is the process of breeding such an organism, While crossbreeding is used to main ...
chickens exist, but none breed true or are recognized by poultry
breed standard In animal husbandry or animal fancy, a breed standard is a description of the characteristics of a hypothetical or ideal example of a breed. The description may include physical or morphological detail, genetic criteria, or criteria of athlet ...
s; thus, though they are extremely common in flocks focusing on high productivity, crossbreeds do not technically meet the definition of a breed. Most crossbreed strains are
sex linked Sex linked describes the sex-specific patterns of inheritance and presentation when a gene mutation (allele) is present on a sex chromosome (allosome) rather than a non-sex chromosome ( autosome). In humans, these are termed X-linked recessive, ...
, allowing for easy
chick sexing Chick sexing is the method of distinguishing the sex of chickens and other hatchlings, usually by a trained person called a chick sexer or chicken sexer. Chicken sexing is practiced mostly by large commercial hatcheries to separate female chicks ...
.


See also

*
List of birds This article lists living orders and families of birds. The links below should then lead to family accounts and hence to individual species. The passerines (perching birds) alone account for well over 5,000 species. In total there are about ...
*
List of duck breeds This is a list of the breeds of domestic duck which have official recognition at national or international level. Most breeds of duck derive from the wild mallard, ''Anas platyrhyncos'', while a small minority are descendants of the Muscovy duck ...
*
List of goose breeds __NOTOC__ This list contains breeds and landraces of domestic geese as well as species with semi-domestic populations. Geese are bred mainly for their meat, which is particularly popular in Germanic languages countries around Christmas. Of lesser ...
*
List of turkey breeds Turkey breeds are reported to the DAD-IS breed database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations by more than sixty countries. The breeds reported include commercial/industrial strains, local types and recognised breeds in man ...
*
Chickens as pets The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster or cock is a term for an adu ...


Footnotes


References

* Carol Ekarius (2007)
''Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds''
North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. . * * {{Authority control
Chickens The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domestication, domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey junglefowl, grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster ...
Chicken The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domestication, domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey junglefowl, grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster ...