''Stellaria media'', chickweed, is an annual and perennial flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae.Fernald, M. L. 1950. “Gray's Manual of Botany”. Eight Edition. American Book Company, New York, NY. 1632 pp. It is native to Eurasia and naturalized throughout the world. This species is used as a cooling herbal remedy, and grown as a vegetable crop and ground cover for both human and poultry consumption. It is sometimes called common chickweed to distinguish it from other plants called chickweed. Other common names include chickenwort, craches, maruns, and winterweed. The plant germinates in autumn or late winter, then forms large mats of foliage.

Description

This species is an annual in colder climates, becoming evergreen and perennial in warmer zones, with weak slender stems, up to . Plants are sparsely hairy. ''Stellaria media'' has one line of fine hairs on the stem. The leaves are oval and opposite, the lower ones with stalks. Flowers are white and small with five very deeply lobed

petal Petals are modified Leaf, leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often advertising coloration, brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''c ...

s. Some plants have no petals. There are usually three stamens and three styles.Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. ''Webb's An Irish Flora''. Cork University Press. The flowers quickly form capsules. Plants may have flowers and capsules at the same time. Plants in the genus '' Cerastium'' are very similar in appearance to those of ''Stellaria'', and are in the same family (Caryophyllaceae) but have hairs uniformly covering their stems.

Distribution

''Stellaria media'' is widespread in Asia, Europe, North America, and other parts of the world. There are several closely related plants referred to as chickweed, but which lack the culinary properties of plants in the genus ''Stellaria.''

Habitat

''Stellaria media'' is common in lawns, meadows, waste places, and open areas.

Ecology

The larvae of the European moth yellow shell (''

Camptogramma bilineata ''Camptogramma bilineata'', the yellow shell, is a colourful moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. It can be found in Europe and east across the Palea ...

''), of North American moths pale-banded dart (''

Agnorisma badinodis ''Agnorisma badinodis'' (pale-banded dart or spotted-sided cutworm) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in southern Canada and United States, east of the 100th meridian, and exclusive of the Deep South. The wingspan is about 36 m ...

'') or dusky cutworm (''

Agrotis venerabilis ''Agrotis venerabilis'', the dusky cutworm, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1857. It is found from coast to coast from central Canada south to Mexico. The wingspan is about 37 mm. Ad ...

''), or North American butterfly dainty sulphur ('' Nathalis iole'') all feed on chickweed. It is susceptible to downy mildew caused by the oomycete species ''

Peronospora alsinearum ''Peronospora'' is a genus of oomycetes that are obligate plant pathogens of many eudicots. Most species in this group produce a downy mildew disease, which can cause severe damage to many different cultivated crops, as well as wild and ornamenta ...

''.

Growth

In both Europe and North America this plant is common in gardens, fields, and disturbed grounds where it grows as a ground cover.

Uses

As food

''Stellaria media'' is edible and nutritious, and is used as a leaf vegetable, often raw in salads. It is one of the ingredients of the symbolic dish consumed in the Japanese spring-time festival, '' Nanakusa-no-sekku''. Some varieties or similar species may be too fibrous to eat. It is also eaten by chickens, wild birds, and mountain sheep.

Toxicity

''Stellaria media'' contains plant chemicals known as saponins, which can be toxic to some species (notably fish). It is unlikely that most land animals will be affected, as the quantities involved are not large. However, it is not advised for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers. ''S. media'' should also not be confused with the mildly toxic '' Euphorbia''.

In folk medicine

The plant has medicinal properties and is used in folk medicine. It has been used as a remedy to treat itchy skin conditions and pulmonary diseases. 17th-century herbalist John Gerard recommended it as a remedy for mange. Modern herbalists prescribe it for iron-deficiency anemia (for its high iron content), as well as for skin diseases, bronchitis, rheumatic pains,

arthritis Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In som ...

, and period pain. Not all of these uses are supported by scientific evidence. The plant was used by the

Ainu Ainu or Aynu may refer to: *Ainu people, an East Asian ethnic group of Japan and the Russian Far East *Ainu languages, a family of languages **Ainu language of Hokkaido **Kuril Ainu language, extinct language of the Kuril Islands **Sakhalin Ainu la ...

for treating bruises and aching bones. Stems were steeped in hot water before being applied externally to affected areas.Batchelor, J. and Miyabe, K. (n.d.). Ainu economic plants. 1st ed. 1893.

Chemistry

The anthraquinones emodin, parietin (physcion) and questin, the flavonoid kaempferol-3,7-O-α-L-dirhamnoside, the phytosterols β-sitosterol and daucosterol, and the fatty alcohol 1-hexacosanol can be found in ''S. media''. Other flavonoid constituents are apigenin 6-C-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-8-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside,

apigenin 6-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-beta-D-galactopyranoside Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool. Sou ...

apigenin 6-C-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-8-C-beta-L-arabinopyranoside Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool. Sou ...

apigenin 6-C-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-beta-D-galactopyranoside Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool. Sour ...

apigenin 6, 8-di-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool. Sour ...

. The plant also contains triterpenoid saponins of the hydroxylated oleanolic acid type. Proanthocyanidins are present in the testa of seeds.

Etymology

''Stellaria'' is derived from the word 'stellar' meaning 'star', which is a reference to the shape of its flowers. ''Media'' is derived from Latin and means 'between', 'intermediate', or 'mid-sized'.Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). pp 253, 361

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q158711 media Garden plants of Europe Flora of the Antipodes Islands Medicinal plants Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Leaf vegetables Flora of Algeria Invasive plant species of subantarctic islands