The Chicham languages, also known as Jivaroan (''HÃvaro'', ''JÃvaro'', ''Jibaro'') is a small
language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in his ...
of northern
Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal
, national_motto = "Fi ...
and eastern
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechuan languages, Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar language, Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechuan ...
.
Family division
Chicham consists of 4 languages:
: 1.
Shuar
The Shuar are an Indigenous people of Ecuador and Peru. They are members of the Jivaroan peoples, who are Amazonian tribes living at the headwaters of the Marañón River.
Name
Shuar, in the Shuar language, means "people". The people who speak ...
: 2.
Achuar-Shiwiar
: 3.
Awajun
: 4.
Huambisa
This language family is spoken in
Amazonas, Cajamarca,
Loreto, and San Martin, Peru and the
Oriente region of Ecuador.
Mason (1950)
Internal classification of the Chicham languages by
Mason (1950):
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):
[Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ]
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguÃstico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of BrasÃlia
The University of BrasÃlia ( pt, Universidade de BrasÃlia, UnB) is a federal public university in BrasÃlia, the capital of Brazil. It was founded in 1960 and has since consistently been named among the top five Brazilian universities and the ...
.
(†= extinct)
;Jivaro
*''
Aguaruna''
*''
Palta'' â€
*Jivaro, Nuclear
**''
Achuar-Shiwiar''
**''
Wambisa''
**''
Shuar
The Shuar are an Indigenous people of Ecuador and Peru. They are members of the Jivaroan peoples, who are Amazonian tribes living at the headwaters of the Marañón River.
Name
Shuar, in the Shuar language, means "people". The people who speak ...
''
Genetic relations
The extinct
Palta language was classified as Chicham by
Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño
Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño (11 December 1890 – 17 August 1950) was an Ecuadorian historian, archeologist, and politician. He was the mayor of the city of Quito (the capital of Ecuador) from 1946 to 1948. He was a member of the Ecuadorian parlia ...
about 1940 and was followed by
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka (12 November 1895 – 13 April 1966) was a Czechoslovak linguist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková.
Career
Loukotka proposed a classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in whi ...
. However, only a few words are known, and Kaufman (1994) states that there is "little resemblance".
The most promising external connections are with the
Cahuapanan languages
The Cahuapanan languages are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero is ...
and perhaps a few other language isolates in proposals variously called ''JÃvaro-Cahuapana (HÃvaro-Kawapánan)'' (
Jorge Suárez and others) or ''
Macro-Jibaro
The Macro-Jibaro proposal, also known as ''(Macro-)Andean'', is a language proposal of Morris Swadesh and other historical linguists. The two families, Jivaroan and Cahuapanan are most frequently linked, the isolates less often. Documentation ...
'' or ''Macro-Andean'' (
Morris Swadesh
Morris Swadesh (; January 22, 1909 – July 20, 1967) was an American linguist who specialized in comparative and historical linguistics.
Swadesh was born in Massachusetts to Bessarabian Jewish immigrant parents. He completed bachelor's and mas ...
and others, with Cahuapanan,
Urarina
The Urarina are an indigenous people of the Peruvian Amazon Basin ( Loreto) who inhabit the valleys of the Chambira, Urituyacu, and Corrientes Rivers. According to both archaeological and historical sources, they have resided in the Chambira B ...
,
Puelche Puelche or Puelches may refer to:
*Puelche people, an indigenous people of Argentina and Chile
*Puelche language, spoken by the Puelche people
* Puelche (wind), a dry wind of Chile
*Puelches, La Pampa
Puelches is a village and rural locality (munic ...
, and maybe
Huarpe
The Huarpes or Warpes are an indigenous people of Argentina, living in the Cuyo region. Some scholars assume that in the Huarpe language, this word means "sandy ground," but according to ''Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua general del Reino de Chi ...
).
The
unclassified
Classified information is material that a government body deems to be sensitive information that must be protected. Access is restricted by law or regulation to particular groups of people with the necessary security clearance and need to know ...
language
Candoshi has also been linked to Chicham, as David Payne (1981) provides reconstructions for Proto-Shuar as well as Proto-Shuar-Candoshi. However, more recently, linguists have searched elsewhere for Candoshi's relatives.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
Kechua,
Kwaza,
Taruma,
Yanomami
The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil.
Etymology
The ethnonym ''Yanomami' ...
,
Katukina-Katawixi,
Kandoshi,
Tupi, and
Arawa language families due to contact. This suggests that Chicham had originated further downstream in the Central Amazon region.
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chicham languages.
Proto-language
Payne's (1981) Proto-Shuar reconstruction is based on data from Shuar, Achuar, Aguaruna, and Huambisa, while his Proto-Shuar-Candoshi reconstruction also integrates data from Candoshi and Shapra.
For reconstructions of Proto-Shuar and Proto-Shuar-Candoshi by Payne (1981), see the corresponding
Spanish article.
References
Bibliography
* Campbell, Lyle (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. .
* Dean, Bartholomew (1990). ''The State and the Aguaruna: Frontier Expansion in the Upper Amazon, 1541-1990''. M.A. thesis in the Anthropology of Social Change and Development, Harvard University.
* Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). ''Language in the Americas''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Greene, Landon Shane (2004). ''Paths to a Visionary Politics''. PhD dissertation. University of Chicago.
* Kaufman, Terrence (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
* Kaufman, Terrence (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
* Payne, David L. (1981). "Bosquejo fonológico del Proto-Shuar-Candoshi: evidencias para una relación genética." ''Revista del Museo Nacional'' 45. 323-377.
* SolÃs Fonseca, Gustavo (2003). ''Lenguas en la amazonÃa peruana''. Lima: edición por demanda.
External links
* Proel
Familia Jibaroana*
* Alain Fabre, 2005, ''Diccionario etnolingüÃstico y guÃa bibliográfica de los pueblos indÃgenas sudamericanos: JIVARO'
{{Authority control
Chicham languages,
Language families
Indigenous languages of the South American Northern Foothills