Chhotanagpur Plateau
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The Chota Nagpur Plateau () is a
plateau In geology and physical geography, a plateau (; ; : plateaus or plateaux), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side. ...
in eastern India, which covers much of
Jharkhand Jharkhand (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in East India, eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north ...
state as well as adjacent parts of
Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh (; ) is a landlocked States and union territories of India, state in Central India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, ninth largest state by area, and with a population of roughly 30 million, the List ...
,
Odisha Odisha (), formerly Orissa (List of renamed places in India, the official name until 2011), is a States and union territories of India, state located in East India, Eastern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by ar ...
,
West Bengal West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...
and
Bihar Bihar ( ) is a states and union territories of India, state in Eastern India. It is the list of states and union territories of India by population, second largest state by population, the List of states and union territories of India by are ...
. The
Indo-Gangetic plain The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Northern Plain or North Indian River Plain, is a fertile plain spanning across the northern and north-eastern part of the Indian subcontinent. It encompasses North India, northern and East India, easte ...
lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the
Mahanadi The Mahanadi River is a major river in East Central India. It drains an area of around and has a total length of . Mahanadi is also known for the Hirakud Dam which was the first major multipurpose river valley project after India's independenc ...
river lies to the south. The total area of the Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately .


Etymology

The name ''Nagpur'' is probably taken from Nagavanshis, who ruled in this part of the country. ''Chhota'' (''small'' in Hindi) is the misunderstood name of "Chuita" village in the outskirts of
Ranchi Ranchi (; ) is the capital city and also the largest district by population of the Indian state of Jharkhand. Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement, which called for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar, northern ...
, which has the remains of an old fort belonging to the Nagavanshis. Sir John Houlton, ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', pp. 127–128, Orient Longmans, 1949.


Geology


Formation

The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a continental plateau—an extensive area of land thrust above the general land.The plateau is composed of
Precambrian The Precambrian ( ; or pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pC, or Cryptozoic) is the earliest part of Earth's history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon. The Precambrian is so named because it preceded the Cambrian, the first period of t ...
rocks (i.e., rocks more than about 540 million years old). The plateau has been formed during the
Cenozoic The Cenozoic Era ( ; ) is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history. It is characterized by the dominance of mammals, insects, birds and angiosperms (flowering plants). It is the latest of three g ...
by continental uplift due to
tectonic Tectonics ( via Latin ) are the processes that result in the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time. The field of ''planetary tectonics'' extends the concept to other planets and moons. These processes ...
forces. The
Gondwana Gondwana ( ; ) was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia (continent), Australia, Zea ...
substrates attest to the plateau's ancient origin. It is part of the
Deccan Plate The Deccan is a plateau extending over an area of and occupies the majority of the Indian peninsula. It stretches from the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges in the north to the northern fringes of Tamil Nadu in the south. It is bound by the mountai ...
, which broke free from the southern continent during the
Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...
to embark on a 50-million-year journey that was interrupted by the collision with the Eurasian continent. The northeastern part of the
Deccan Plateau The Deccan is a plateau extending over an area of and occupies the majority of the Indian peninsula. It stretches from the Satpura Range, Satpura and Vindhya Ranges in the north to the northern fringes of Tamil Nadu in the south. It is bound ...
, where this ecoregion sits, was the first area of contact with Eurasia. The history of metamorphism, granitic activities and igneous intrusions in the Chotanagpur area continued for a period from over 1000 Ma to 185 Ma.


Fossil record

The Chota Nagpur region has a notable fossil presence. The fossil-rich sedimentary units host fossilized remains across a range of biota, such as angiosperm leaves, fruits, flowers, wood, and fish. This stratigraphy has been associated with the Neogene, specifically the Pliocene epoch, despite a lack of conclusive evidence. Earlier studies identified vertebrate fossils in these sediments, with reported fish fossils with affinities to modern families, linking these deposits to recent ichthyofauna adaptations.


Divisions

The Chota Nagpur Plateau consists of three steps. The highest step is in the western part of the plateau, where ''pats'' as a plateau is locally called, are above sea level. The highest point is . The next part contains larger portions of the old Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts and some parts of old Palamu district, before these were broken up into smaller administrative units. The general height is . The topography in undulating with prominent gneissic hills, often dome-like in outline. The lowest step of the plateau is at an average level of around . It covers the old Manbhum and Singhbhum districts. High hills are a striking part of this section –
Parasnath Hills Parasnath Hill (also Sammet Shikhar, Marang Buru) is a mountain peak in the Parasnath hill range. It is located towards the eastern end of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the Giridih district (Hazaribagh district in British India) of the India ...
rise to a height of and
Dalma Hills Dalma range refers to the continuation of an assemblage of hills stretching over Jharkhand and West Bengal states in India. Tourism * Hanuman Temple * Shiva Temple * Pindrabera FRH * Majhlabandh * Nichlabandh * Bamboo hut * Natural Interpret ...
to . The large plateau is subdivided into several small plateaus or sub-plateaus.


Pat region

The western plateau with an average elevation of above mean sea level merges into the plateau of the
Surguja district Surguja district is a district of the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. The district is one of the oldest districts of Chhattisgarh. The headquarters of the district is Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, Ambikapur. The district lies in its eponymous Surguja d ...
of Chhattisgarh. The flat topped plateau, locally known as ''pats'' are characterized by level surface and accordance of their summit levels shows they are part of one large plateau. Examples include Netarhat Pat, Jamira Pat, Khamar Pat, Rudni Pat and others. The area is also referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau. It is believed to be composed of Deccan basalt lava.


Ranchi Plateau

The Ranchi Plateau is the largest part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The elevation of the plateau surface in this part is about and gradually slopes down towards south-east into the hilly and undulating region of Singhbhum (earlier the Singhbhum district or what is now the
Kolhan division Kolhan division is one of the five divisions in the Indian state of Jharkhand. The division comprises three districts: East Singhbhum, Seraikela Kharsawan district Seraikela Kharsawan district is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand s ...
). The plateau is highly dissected. The
Damodar River Damodar River (Pron: /ˈdʌmoˌdaː/) is a river flowing across the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal. The valley is rich in mineral resources and is known for large-scale mining and industrial activity. It was also known as the Sorrow o ...
originates here and flows through a
rift valley A rift valley is a linear shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges produced by the action of a geologic rift. Rifts are formed as a result of the pulling apart of the lithosphere due to extensional tectonics. The linear ...
. To the north it is separated from the Hazaribagh plateau by the Damodar trough. To the west is a group of plateaus called ''pat''. There are many waterfalls at the edges of the Ranchi plateau where rivers coming from over the plateau surface form waterfalls when they descend through the precipitous escarpments of the plateau and enter the area of significantly lower elevation. The North Karo River has formed the high Pheruaghaugh Falls at the southern margin of the Ranchi plateau. Such falls are called scarp falls.
Hundru Falls Hundru Falls is a waterfall located in Ranchi District in the Indian state of Jharkhand. It is the 34th highest waterfall in India, and one of the most famous tourist places in the region. Geography Location Hundru Falls is located at Note ...
(75 m) on the
Subarnarekha River The Subarnarekha River flows through the Indian states of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha. Etymology The name is a portmanteau of two words: "Subarna," meaning gold, and "Rekha," meaning line or streak in Indian languages. As per tradition, g ...
near Ranchi,
Dassam Falls The Dassam Falls (also known as Dassam Ghagh) is a waterfall located near Taimara village in the Bundu subdivision of Ranchi district in the state of Jharkhand. The Falls are 144 feet in height, formed by the waterflow of the Kanchi River. Etym ...
(39.62 m) on the Kanchi River, east of Ranchi,
Sadni Falls Sadni Falls (also called Sadnighagh Falls) is a waterfall located about from Rajadera village in Gumla district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Geography Location Sadni Falls is located at The Falls The falls on the Sankh River is a s ...
(60 m) on the Sankh River (Ranchi plateau) are examples of scarp falls. Sometimes waterfalls of various dimensions are formed when tributary streams join the master stream from great heights forming hanging valleys. At
Rajrappa Rajrappa is a waterfall and a pilgrimage centre in the Chitarpur CD block in the Ramgarh subdivision of the Ramgarh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Geography Location Rajrappa is located at . Rajrappa stands at the confluence of ...
(10 m), the Bhera River coming over from the Ranchi Plateau hangs above the Damodar River at its point of confluence with the latter. The
Jonha Falls The Jonha Falls (also called Gautamdhara Falls) is a waterfall located in Ranchi district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Geography Location Jonha Falls is located at Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the ...
(25.9 m) is another example of this category of falls. The Ganga River hangs over its master stream, the Raru River (to the east of Ranchi city) and forms the said falls.


Hazaribagh Plateau

The Hazaribagh plateau is often subdivided into two parts – the ''higher plateau'' and the ''lower plateau''. Here the higher plateau is referred to as Hazaribagh plateau and the lower plateau as Koderma plateau. The Hazaribagh plateau on which Hazaribagh town is built is about east by west and north by south with an average elevation of . The north-eastern and southern faces are mostly abrupt; but to the west it narrows and descends slowly in the neighbourhood of Simaria and Jabra where it curves to the south and connects with the Ranchi Plateau through Tori pargana. It is generally separated from the Ranchi plateau by the Damodar trough. The western portion of Hazaribagh plateau constitutes a broad watershed between the Damodar drainage on the south and the Lilajan and
Mohana Mohana is Hill Valley town and community development block in the Gajapati district of Odisha state in India. The town comes under the administrative control of Mohana Police station. The town had a population of 15,197 in 2024 census and 5,7 ...
rivers on the north. The highest hills in this area are called after the villages of Kasiatu, Hesatu and Hudu, and rise fronting the south above the general level of the plateau. Further east along the southern face a long spur projects right up to the Damodar river where it ends in Aswa Pahar, elevation . At the south-eastern corner of the plateau is Jilinga Hill at . Mahabar Jarimo at and Barsot at stand in isolation to the east, and on the north-west edge of the plateau Sendraili at and
Mahuda Mahuda is a census town in Baghmara CD block in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Geography Location Mahuda is located at . Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in th ...
at are the most prominent features. Isolated on the plateau, in the neighbourhood of Hazaribagh town are four hills of which the highest Chendwar rises to . On all sides it has an exceedingly abrupt scarp, modified only on the south-east. In the south it falls almost sheer in a swoop of to the bed of
Bokaro River The Bokaro River flows through the Hazaribagh and Bokaro districts in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Course The Bokaro River rises on the Hazaribagh plateau, south of Hazaribagh Hazaribagh is a city and a municipal corporation in Hazarib ...
, below Jilinga Hill. Seen from the north the edge of this plateau has the appearance of a range of hills, at the foot of which (on the Koderma plateau) runs the
Grand Trunk Road Grand Trunk Road (formerly known as Uttarapath, Sadak-e-Azam, Shah Rah-e-Azam, Badshahi Sadak, and Long Walk) is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years it has linked Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent. It r ...
and NH 2 (new NH19).


Koderma Plateau

The Koderma plateau is also referred to as the Hazaribagh lower plateau or as the Chauparan-Koderma-Girighi sub-plateau. The northern face of the Koderma plateau, elevated above the plains of Bihar, has the appearance of a range of hills, but in reality it is the edge of a plateau, from the level of the Gaya plain. Eastward this northern edge forms a well-defined watershed between heads of the tributaries of Gaya and those of the
Barakar River The Barakar River is the main tributary of the Damodar River in eastern India. Originating near Padma, Hazaribagh, Padma in Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand it flows for across the northern part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, mostly in a west to eas ...
, which traverses the
Koderma Kodarma (also spelled as Koderma) is a city and a notified area in the Koderma subdivision of the Koderma district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. It is also the administrative headquarter of Koderma district. Demographics As per the ...
and
Giridih Giridih is headquarters of the Giridih district of Jharkhand state, India. The city of Giridih is known for its industrial and health sectors, as well as its scenery. Giridih houses the Giridih Coalfield which is one of the oldest coalfields to ...
districts in an easterly direction. The slope of this plateau to the east is uniform and gentle and is continued past the river, which bears to the south-east, into the Santhal Parganas and gradually disappears in the lower plains of Bengal. The western boundary of the plateau is formed by the deep bed of the
Lilajan River The Lilājan River (also known by its Sanskrit name: Nirañjanā) is a river that flows through the Chatra and Gaya districts in the Indian states of Jharkhand and Bihar. It is also referred to as the Nilanjan, Niranjana or Falgu River. Course ...
.The southern boundary consists of the face of the higher plateau, as far as its eastern extremity, where for some distance a low and undistinguished watershed runs eastward to the western spurs of
Parasnath Hills Parasnath Hill (also Sammet Shikhar, Marang Buru) is a mountain peak in the Parasnath hill range. It is located towards the eastern end of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the Giridih district (Hazaribagh district in British India) of the India ...
. The drainage to the south of this low line passes by the
Jamunia River The Jamunia River is a tributary of the Damodar River. It flows through the Hazaribagh, Giridih, Bokaro and Dhanbad districts in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Course The Jamunia River rises on the Hazaribagh plateau, originating from Jamunia ...
to the Damodar.


Damodar trough

The Damodar basin forms a trough between the Ranchi and Hazaribagh plateaus resulting from enormous fractures at their present edges, which caused the land between to sink to a great depth and incidentally preserved from denudation by the Karanpura, Ramgarh and Bokaro coalfields. The northern boundary of the Damodar valley is steep as far as the southeastern corner of the Hazaribagh plateau. On the south of the trough the Damodar keeps close to the edge of the Ranchi plateau till it has passed Ramgarh, after which a turn to the north-east leaves on the right hand a wide and level valley on which the Subarnarekha begins to intrude, south of Gola till the Singhpur Hills divert it to the south. Further to the east the Damodar River passes tamely into the Manbhum sector of lowest step of the Chota Nagpur plateau.


Palamu

The
Palamu division Palamu division is one of the five divisions of Jharkhand state in eastern India. This division comprises three districts: Garhwa, Latehar and Palamu. Medininagar Medininagar, formerly Daltonganj, is a city and municipal corporation in P ...
generally lies at a lower height than the surrounding areas of Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ranchi plateau intrudes into the division and the southern part of the division merges with the Pat region. On the west are the Surguja highlands of Chhattishgarh and Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. The
Son River Sone River, also spelt Son River, is a perennial river located in central India. It originates near Amarkantak Hill in Pendra (Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district), Chhattisgarh and finally merges with the Ganges river near Maner in Patna, Biha ...
touches the north-western corner of the division and then forms the state boundary for about . The general system of the area is a series of parallel ranges of hills running east and west through which the
North Koel River North Koel River flows through the Indian state of Jharkhand Jharkhand (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in East India, eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgar ...
passes. The hills in the south are the highest in the area, and the picturesque and isolated cup-like Chhechhari valley is surrounded by lofty hills on every side.
Lodh Falls The Lodh Falls (also known as Budha Ghagh) is a waterfall on the Burha River in the mid-forest of Palamau Tiger Reserve, in Latehar district of Jharkhand state in India. It is the highest waterfall in Jharkhand and the 21st highest waterfall ...
drops from a height of from these hills, making it the highest waterfall on the Chota Nagpur Plateau.
Netarhat Netarhat is a hill station in Latehar district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. The hill station is among the highest points of the Chhotanagpur plateau. It is known for its natural beauty of hills, forest and waterfalls. It is also referred to ...
and Pakripat plateaus are physiographically part of the Pat region.


Manbhum-Singhbhum

In the lowest step of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, the Manbhum area covers the present
Purulia district Purulia district () is one of the twenty-three districts of West Bengal state in Eastern India. Purulia is the administrative headquarters of the district. Some of the other important towns of Purulia district are Raghunathpur- Adra, Manbazar ...
in
West Bengal West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...
, and
Dhanbad district Dhanbad district is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand States and territories of India, state, India, and Dhanbad is the administrative headquarters of this district. As of 2011, it is the second most populous district of Jharkhand ...
and parts of
Bokaro district Bokaro district is one of the most industrialized zones in India. It is one of the twenty-four districts of the Jharkhand state, India. It was established in 1991 by carving out one subdivision consisting of two blocks from Dhanbad district a ...
in Jharkhand, and the Singhbhum area broadly covers
Kolhan division Kolhan division is one of the five divisions in the Indian state of Jharkhand. The division comprises three districts: East Singhbhum, Seraikela Kharsawan district Seraikela Kharsawan district is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand s ...
of Jharkhand. The Manbhum area has a general elevation of about and it consists of undulating land with scattered hills – Baghmundi and Ajodhya range, Panchakot and the hills around Jhalda are the prominent ones. Adjacent
Bankura district Bankura district (Pron: bãkuɽa) is an District#India, administrative unit in the Indian States and territories of India, state of West Bengal. It is part of Medinipur division—one of the five Divisions of West Bengal, administrative divisi ...
of West Bengal has been described as the "connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west." The same could be said of the
Birbhum district Birbhum district () is an administrative unit in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the northernmost district of Burdwan division—one of the five administrative divisions of West Bengal. The district headquarters is in Suri. Other impo ...
and the
Asansol Asansol is a city in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the second largest city in West Bengal. It is the 33rd largest urban agglomeration in India by population. Asansol is the district headquarters of Paschim Bardhaman district. Accordi ...
and
Durgapur Durgapur (), is an industrial hub and a planned urban agglomeration in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is stands on the northern bank of the Damodar river and located in Paschim Bardhaman district. Durgapur is a major centre for producin ...
subdivisions of
Paschim Bardhaman district Paschim Bardhaman district is a predominantly urban mining-industrial district in West Bengal. The headquarter of the district is Asansol. It was formed on 7 April 2017 after bifurcation of the erstwhile Bardhaman district as the 23rd distric ...
. The Singhbhum area contains much more hilly and broken country. The whole of the western part is a mass of hill ranges rising to in the south-west. Jamshedpur sits on an open plateau, above mean sea level, with a higher plateau to the south of it. The eastern part is mostly hilly, though near the borders of West Bengal it flattens out into an alluvial plain. In the Singhbhum area, there are hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains, deep forests on the mountain slopes, and, in the river basins, some stretches of comparatively level or undulating country. The centre of the area consists of an upland plateau enclosed by hill ranges. This strip, extending from the Subarnarekha River on the east to the Angarbira range to the west of Chaibasa, is a very fertile area.
Saranda forest Saranda forest is a dense forest in the hilly region of West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum, Saraikela district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. This area used to be the private hunting reserve of the Singh Deo family (the erstwhile rulers of Saraik ...
is reputed to have the best Sal forests in Asia.


Climate

The Chota Nagpur Plateau has an attractive climate. For five to six months of the year, from October onward the days are sunny and bracing. The mean temperature in December is . The nights are cool and temperatures in winter may drop below freezing point in many places. In April and May the day temperature may cross but it is very dry and not sultry as in the adjacent plains. The rainy season (June to September) is pleasant. The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual average rainfall of around , which is less than the rainforested areas of much of India and almost all of it in the
monsoon A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in Atmosphere of Earth, atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annu ...
months between June and August.


Ecology

The ''Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests'', a
tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests The tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest is a habitat (ecology), habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature and is located at tropical and subtropical latitudes. Though these forests occur in climates that are warm year-roun ...
ecoregion An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecological and geographic area that exists on multiple different levels, defined by type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and c ...
, encompasses the plateau. The ecoregion has an area of , covering most of the state of Jharkhand and adjacent portions of Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The ecoregion is drier than surrounding ones, including the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests that covers the
Eastern Ghats The Eastern Ghats is a mountain range that stretches along the East Coast of India, eastern coast of the Indian peninsula. Covering an area of , it traverses the states and union territories of India, states of Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Prade ...
and
Satpura Range The Satpura Range, formerly also known as the Seeonee Hills, is a range of hills in central India. The range rises in eastern Gujarat running east through the border of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and ends in Chhattisgarh. The range paralle ...
to the south, and the
Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests The Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion of Bangladesh and India. The ecoregion covers an area of , comprising most of Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Biha ...
in the lowlands to the east and north. The plateau is covered with a variety of various habitats of which Sal forest is predominant. The plateau is home to the
Palamau Tiger Reserve The Palamau Tiger Reserve is a tiger reserve in India and the only one in the state of Jharkhand. It covers a total area of in the Palamu, Latehar and Garhwa districts. It comprises the Betla National Park. It is one of the first nine tiger ...
and other large blocks of natural habitat which are among the few remaining refuges left in India for large populations of
tiger The tiger (''Panthera tigris'') is a large Felidae, cat and a member of the genus ''Panthera'' native to Asia. It has a powerful, muscular body with a large head and paws, a long tail and orange fur with black, mostly vertical stripes. It is ...
and
Asian elephant The Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus''), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is the only living ''Elephas'' species. It is the largest living land animal in Asia and the second largest living Elephantidae, elephantid in the world. It is char ...
s.


Flora

The flora of the Chota Nagpur Plateau ranges from dry to wet forests, with trees reaching heights of up to . Some areas are swampy, while others feature bamboo grasslands and shrubs like '' Holarrhena'' and ''
Dodonaea ''Dodonaea'', commonly known as hop-bushes, is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Am ...
''. Key species include sal (''
Shorea robusta ''Shorea robusta'', the sal tree, sāla, shala, sakhua, or sarai, is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The tree is native to India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Tibet and across the Himalayan regions. Evolution Fossil evidence from lig ...
''), which provides valuable timber and supports diverse wildlife, and mahua (''
Madhuca longifolia ''Madhuca longifolia'' is an Indian tropical tree found largely in the central, southern, north Indian plains and forests, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. It is commonly known as madhūka, mahura, , mahuwa, Butter Tree, mahura, mahwa, ...
''), known for its fragrant flowers used to make a traditional alcoholic beverage and as a food source for animals. Other significant plants include bamboo (''
Bambusa ''Bambusa'' is a large genus of clumping bamboos. Most species of ''Bambusa'' are rather large, with numerous branches emerging from the nodes, and one or two much larger than the rest. The branches can be as long as 11 m (35 ft). They ...
''), teak (''
Tectona grandis Teak (''Tectona grandis'') is a tropical hardwood tree species in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. ''Tectona grandis'' has small, fragrant white flowers arranged in dense clusters (panic ...
''), and wild mango (''
Mangifera indica ''Mangifera indica'', commonly known as mango, is an evergreen species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is a large fruit tree, capable of growing to a height and width of . There are two distinct genetic populations in modern m ...
''), flame of the forest (''
Butea monosperma ''Butea monosperma'' is a species of '' Butea'' native to tropical and sub-tropical parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is also known as flame of the forest, Bengal kino, dhak, palash, and bastard teak. Revered as sacred by Hindus, it is ...
'').


Fauna

The region is home to diverse wildlife, including apex predators like the
tiger The tiger (''Panthera tigris'') is a large Felidae, cat and a member of the genus ''Panthera'' native to Asia. It has a powerful, muscular body with a large head and paws, a long tail and orange fur with black, mostly vertical stripes. It is ...
(''Panthera tigris'') and large herbivores such as the
Asian elephant The Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus''), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is the only living ''Elephas'' species. It is the largest living land animal in Asia and the second largest living Elephantidae, elephantid in the world. It is char ...
(''Elephas maximus''). Ungulates such as the
four-horned antelope The four-horned antelope (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), also called ''chousingha'', is a small bovid antelope native to central, South and Western India, along with a smaller population in Nepal. The sole member of the genus ''Tetracerus'', t ...
(''Tetracerus quadricornis''),
blackbuck The blackbuck (''Antilope cervicapra''), also known as the Indian antelope, is a medium-sized antelope native to India and Nepal. It inhabits grassy plains and lightly forested areas with perennial water sources. It stands up to high at the sh ...
(''Antilope cervicapra''), and
chinkara The chinkara (''Gazella bennettii''), also known as the Indian gazelle, is a gazelle species native to India, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Taxonomy The following six subspecies are considered valid: * Deccan chinkara (''G. b. bennettii'') ...
(''Gazella bennettii'') are also common, alongside predators like the
dhole The dhole ( ; ''Cuon alpinus'') is a canid native to South, East and Southeast Asia. It is anatomically distinguished from members of the genus ''Canis'' in several aspects: its skull is convex rather than concave in profile, it lacks a third ...
(''Cuon alpinus'') and the
sloth bear The sloth bear (''Melursus ursinus''), also known as the Indian bear, is a myrmecophagous bear species native to the Indian subcontinent. It feeds on fruits, ants and termites. It is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, mainly because of ...
(''Melursus ursinus''). Bird species include the threatened
lesser florican The lesser florican (''Sypheotides indicus''), also known as the likh or ''kharmore'', is the smallest in the bustard family and the only member of the genus ''Sypheotides''. It is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent where it is found in tall gra ...
(''Sypheotides indicus''), various
hornbills Hornbills are birds found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia of the family Bucerotidae. They are characterized by a long, down-curved bill which is frequently brightly coloured and sometimes has a horny casque on the upper ...
including the
Indian grey hornbill The Indian gray hornbill (''Ocyceros birostris'') is a common hornbill found on the Indian subcontinent. It is mostly arboreal and is commonly sighted in pairs. It has grey feathers all over the body with a light grey or dull white belly. The hor ...
(''Ocyceros birostris''), and a variety of raptors and migratory birds.


Conservation

The Chota Nagpur Plateau was once extensively forested, but today over half of its natural forest cover has been removed, largely for grazing land and increasingly intense mining activities. These disruptions pose significant ecological threats. Mining for minerals like coal, iron ore, and bauxite has led to large-scale deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat fragmentation, which critically affects the survival and movement of native wildlife, particularly larger species such as elephants, tigers, and leopards that require extensive, undisturbed areas. Some conservation efforts are underway, including the establishment of protected areas and wildlife corridors aimed at reconnecting fragmented habitats. However, challenges remain due to limited enforcement of conservation policies and the economic dependence of local communities on mining and agriculture, which places continual pressure on the plateau’s ecological resources.


Protected areas

About 6 percent of the ecoregion's area is within protected areas, comprising in 1997. The largest are
Palamau Tiger Reserve The Palamau Tiger Reserve is a tiger reserve in India and the only one in the state of Jharkhand. It covers a total area of in the Palamu, Latehar and Garhwa districts. It comprises the Betla National Park. It is one of the first nine tiger ...
and
Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve is a tiger reserve in Chhattisgarh, situated across the districts of Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur (MCB), Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur districts. This tiger reserve covers a total area of , includi ...
. *
Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary is a Wildlife sanctuaries of India, wildlife sanctuary in India in the state of Jharkhand. It was inaugurated in 1975 and provides habitat for an Indian elephant population. Geography Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary is situ ...
, Jharkhand (630 km2) * Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar (110 km2) *
Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in Jharkhand, India, about north of Ranchi. It was established in 1955. It is home to many wild animals including deer, monkey and birds. History The Hazaribagh wildlife sanctuary was e ...
, Jharkhand (450 km2) *
Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the northern part of Koderma (community development block) in the Koderma subdivision of the Koderma district in the state of Jharkhand, India. Geography Location ...
, Jharkhand (180 km2) *
Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Lawalong CD block in the Chatra subdivision of the Chatra district in the state of Jharkhand, India. History Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary was earlier under the control of the Raja of Ramgarh and oth ...
, Jharkhand (410 km2) *
Palamau Tiger Reserve The Palamau Tiger Reserve is a tiger reserve in India and the only one in the state of Jharkhand. It covers a total area of in the Palamu, Latehar and Garhwa districts. It comprises the Betla National Park. It is one of the first nine tiger ...
, Jharkhand (1,330 km2) * Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (182.83 km2 ) * Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (470 km2) * Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (600 km2) * Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (40 km2)


Culture

The Chota Nagpur region is a culturally rich area with a diverse population comprising various indigenous ethinic group of Sadan and tribes. The region is home to tribes like the
Santhal Santhal or Santal may refer to : *Santhal people (part of the Tea Tribes), in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam in India, also minorities in neighboring Bangladesh and Nepal ** their Santhal rebellion in present-day Jharkhand, India ** ...
,
Munda __NOTOC__ Munda may refer to: Places India * Munda, a village in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan, India * Munda Majra, a former village in Haryana, India * Munda Pind, a village in Punjab, India Pakistan * Munda, a village near Bilyamin in Kur ...
, Oraon, and Ho, alongside non-tribal groups. These groups have distinct traditions, languages, and spiritual practices, often tied closely to nature and ancestral worship. Festivals like Sarhul, Holi and Karam are central to their culture, celebrating harvests and nature with traditional music, dance, and rituals. Craftsmanship is a strong aspect, with communities creating intricate beadwork, pottery, and metalwork. Human habitation in the region dates back to the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period, as evidenced by various ancient cave paintings. Stone tools from the Chota Nagpur Plateau indicate human activity dating back to the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. Additionally, ancient cave paintings at Isko in
Hazaribagh district Hazaribagh district is one of the oldest districts of Jharkhand state, India and the district headquarter located in Hazaribagh town. It is located in the north east part of North Chotanagpur Division. The boundary of this district consists of dis ...
date to the Meso-Chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BCE). Large-scale extraction industries in coal and iron mining dominate the economy, alongside growing steel production, power generation, and related infrastructure developments. However, agriculture remains important, with rice, maize, and pulses as staple crops.


Mineral resources

Chota Nagpur plateau is a store house of mineral resources such as
mica Micas ( ) are a group of silicate minerals whose outstanding physical characteristic is that individual mica crystals can easily be split into fragile elastic plates. This characteristic is described as ''perfect basal cleavage''. Mica is co ...
,
bauxite Bauxite () is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. It is the world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Bauxite consists mostly of the aluminium minerals gibbsite (), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)), and diaspore (α-AlO(OH) ...
,
copper Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orang ...
,
limestone Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...
,
iron ore Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in the f ...
and
coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other Chemical element, elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal i ...
. The Damodar valley is rich in coal, and it is considered as the prime centre of
coking coal Coke is a grey, hard, and porous coal-based fuel with a high carbon content. It is made by heating coal or petroleum in the absence of air. Coke is an important industrial product, used mainly in iron ore smelting, but also as a fuel in stoves ...
in the country. Massive coal deposits are found in the central basin spreading over . The important coalfields in the basin are
Jharia Jharia is a neighbourhood in Dhanbad city in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state, India. Jharia's economy is heavily dependent on the local coal fields, used to make coke. However, fires in the coal fields have mad ...
,
Raniganj Raniganj is a neighbourhood in Asansol of Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is governed by Asansol Municipal Corporation. Geography Location Raniganj is located at . It has an average elevation of 91 me ...
, West Bokaro, East Bokaro, Ramgarh, South Karanpura and North Karanpura.


See also

*
Chota Nagpur Division The Chota Nagpur Division was one of the administrative divisions established under British rule. Under Act XX of 1854, the South West Frontier Agency was renamed a Commissionary, with the Political Agent becoming the Commissioner and the Assis ...
*
Ecoregions of India An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecological and geographic area that exists on multiple different levels, defined by type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and con ...


References


Further reading

* Gupta, Satya Prakash. ''Tribes of Chotanagpur Plateau: An Ethno-Nutritional & Pharmacological Cross-Section''. Land and people of tribal Bihar series, no. 3.
atna The Ahtna are an Alaska Native Athabaskan people of Alaska. Ahtna or Atna may also refer to: Places * Atna Range, a small sub-range of the Skeena Mountains in northern British Columbia, Canada * Atna, Norway, a village in the municipality of St ...
Govt. of Bihar, Welfare Dept, 1974. * Icke-Schwalbe, Lydia. ''Die Munda und Oraon in Chota Nagpur - Geschichte, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen'' Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden, Band 40; Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1983 * Mukhopadhyay, Subhash Chandra. ''Geomorphology of the Subarnarekha Basin: The Chota Nagpur Plateau, Eastern India''. urdwan University of Burdwan, 1980. * Sinha, Birendra K. Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Journey Towards Fulfilment in the Chotanagpur Plateau : a Study in Dynamics of Social-Economic-Cultural-Administrative-Political Growth. . Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests">. Plateaus of India Landforms of Jharkhand">Plateaus of India">Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests">. Plateaus of India Landforms of Jharkhand Landforms of Chhattisgarh Landforms of Odisha Natural regions of India Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests Neighbourhoods in Jamshedpur