A_member_of_the_Cheyenne_Soldier_Society_The_Red_Shields

Cheyenne military societies are one of the two central institutions of traditional

Cheyenne The Cheyenne ( ) are an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne comprise two Native American tribes, the Só'taeo'o or Só'taétaneo'o (more commonly spelled as Suhtai or Sutaio) and the (also spelled Tsitsistas, The term for th ...

native American tribal governance, the other being the

Council of Forty-four The Council of Forty-four is one of the two central institutions of traditional Cheyenne Native American tribal governance, the other being the military societies such as the Dog Soldiers. The Council of Forty-four is the council of chiefs, comp ...

. While council chiefs are responsible for overall governance of individual bands and the tribe as a whole, the headmen of military societies are in charge of maintaining discipline within the tribe, overseeing tribal hunts and ceremonies, and providing military leadership.Greene 2004, p. 9. Historically, council chiefs selected which of the six military societies would assume these duties; after a period of time on-duty, the chiefs would select a different society to take up the duties.Hyde 1968, p. 336.

Four original societies

The

prophet In religion, a prophet or prophetess is an individual who is regarded as being in contact with a divinity, divine being and is said to speak on behalf of that being, serving as an intermediary with humanity by delivering messages or teachings ...

''Sweet Medicine'' (''Motsé'eóeve'') was said to designate the four original Cheyenne warrior societies (pl. ''Nótȧxévėstotȯtse'', sing. ''Nótȧxévestȯtse''), which had their own society songs (''nótȧxénootȯtse'') and were governed by a head man (''nótȧxévėhoneve''). Over the ages, some have developed branches or have transformed.

Fox

Fox Warriors Society (''Vóhkêséhetaneo'o'' or ''Monêsóonetaneo'o''), also known as Swift Fox or Kitfox (sing. ''Mónėsóonetane'', pl. ''Mótsėsóonetaneo'o''; variant: sing. ''Vóhkėséhetane'', pl. ''Vóhkėséhetaneo'o''). This society is found among both the Northern and the Southern Cheyenne. The Coyote Warriors Society (''O'ôhoménotâxeo'o'') and Flintmen Society (sing. ''Mótsėsóonetane'', pl. ''Motsêsóonetaneo'o'') are branches of the Fox Warriors Society. Among the Northern Cheyenne the Kit Fox Soldiers always claimed superiority over the others. Had strong ties through marriages with Kit Fox Society (in Lakota: ''Toka'la'') affiliated families of

Lakota Sioux The Lakota (; or ) are a Native American people. Also known as the Teton Sioux (from ), they are one of the three prominent subcultures of the Sioux people, with the Eastern Dakota (Santee) and Western Dakota (). Their current lands are in N ...

Elk

Elk Warriors Society also known as Elk Horn Scrapers (''Hémo'eoxeso''), Bone Scraper Society, Hoof Rattle, Crooked Lance, Headed Lance, Blue Soldiers or Medicine Lance. This society is found among both the Northern and the Southern Cheyenne. This was the society of the famous warrior

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, and also of the

mixed-race The term multiracial people refers to people who are mixed with two or more races and the term multi-ethnic people refers to people who are of more than one ethnicities. A variety of terms have been used both historically and presently for mul ...

Cheyenne George Bent.

Shield

Shield Warriors Society (''Ma'êhoohevaso''), also known as Red Shield (sing. ''Ma'ėhoohēvȧhtse'', pl. ''Ma'ėhoohevase'' - ′Redshields, lazy group. Lit: red-nails(shields)′). or Red Fox. This society was originally found in both the Northern and the Southern Cheyenne. Today it exists only among the Northern Cheyenne. Buffalo Warriors (''Hotóanótâxeo'o''), also known as Buffalo Bull or Bull,Llewellyn & Hoebel, p. 100 is a branch of the Shield Warriors Society.

Bowstring

Bowstring Men (''Hema'tanónėheo'o'', pl. ''Héma'tanóohese'' - ′Bowstrings, Lit: those who have bowstrings′), also known as the Owl Man's Bowstring, because it was founded by the Cheyenne warrior named Owl Man. This society was originally found in both the Northern and the Southern Cheyenne. Today it is only among the Southern Cheyenne under the alternate name Wolf Warriors Society (''Ho'néhenótâxeo'o'') for the Bowstring Men. The Crazy Dog Society developed out of the Bowstring Men in the 19th century through a vision given to Owl Friend. Among the Northern Cheyenne, the Wolf Warriors gradually adopted the name Crazy Dogs (''Hotamémâsêhao'o''). Both groups - the ''Wolf Warriors Society'' (Southern Cheyenne) and the ''Crazy Dogs'' (Northern Cheyenne) - considered themselves constituents of the same organization originally called Bowstring Men. In the Northern Cheyenne tribe, both the Crazy Dogs and the Bowstrings or Wolf Warriors exist independently.

Fifth society

Dog Warrior Society (''Hotamétaneo'o''), also known as Dog Men. This society was also called

Dog Soldiers The Dog Soldiers or Dog Men (Cheyenne: ''Hotamétaneo'o'') are historically one of six Cheyenne military societies. Beginning in the late 1830s, this society evolved into a separate, militaristic band that played a dominant role in Cheyenne r ...

by the whites. The Dog Warrior Society was established by a directive given in a visionary dream after the prophet Sweet Medicine's departure. This society was originally found in both the Northern and the Southern Cheyenne. Today it exists only among the Southern Cheyenne. Crazy Dogs (''Hotamémâsêhao'o''), also known as Foolish Dogs. This society is similar to the Bowstring Men in function, but is found only among the Northern Cheyenne. Among the Northern Cheyenne, Dog Warrior Society and Wolf Warriors merged. This resulted in the development of new Dog Warriors, now called the Crazy Dogs. The Crazy Dogs are considered by many to be a sixth society instead of a branch of the fifth society. "The...members imitate the

coyote The coyote (''Canis latrans''), also known as the American jackal, prairie wolf, or brush wolf, is a species of canis, canine native to North America. It is smaller than its close relative, the Wolf, gray wolf, and slightly smaller than the c ...

in their power of endurance, cunning and activity. They outstrip their fellow tribesmen in running long distances, playing games, etc. There are about 150 warriors in the society, and a head chief" (Dorsey, 1905, Vol. I: 19).

Sixth society

Contrary Warriors Society (''Hohnóhkao'o''), also known as the Inverted Bow-string Society. Its members, the Contrary Warriors, have proved their bravery by riding backward into battle.Hyde 1968, p. 337. Contrary Society (sing. ''Hohnohka'', pl. ''Hohnóhkao'o''), also known as Clown Society. This society draws upon the same spiritual powers as the Contrary Warriors Society. It is primarily composed of Cheyenne elders and may be a mature variation of the Contrary Warriors Society. They were charged with teaching the Cheyenne ceremonial ways of the cultural "dos" and "don'ts" through humour, sarcasm and satire, in a fashion contrary to the traditional Cheyenne culture.

Warrior Women's Society

Ehyophsta, who fought in the

Battle of Beecher Island The Battle of Beecher Island, also known as the Battle of Arikaree Fork, was an armed conflict between several of the Plains Indians, Plains Native American tribes and Forsyth's Scouts, a company of selected civilian frontiersmen, recruited and ...

, was a member of a society of "women who had gone to war with their husbands".Grinnell That qualification seems to be wrong since she is known to have become a warrior only when she was widowed. John Sipes Jr, late Southern Cheyenne tribal historian, mentioned that his ancestor

Mochi A mochi ( ; Japanese ) is a Japanese rice cake made of , a short-grain Japonica rice, japonica glutinous rice, and sometimes other ingredients such as water, sugar, and cornstarch. The steamed rice is pounded into paste and molded into the ...

was a warrior in her own right, had her own war pony and war medicine and was also a member of that society.

Notes

References

* * Glenmore, Josephine Stands in Timber, and Wayne Leman (1984). ''Cheyenne Topical Dictionary'', Busby MT: Cheyenne Translation Project. * Greene, Jerome A. (2004). ''Washita, The Southern Cheyenne and the U.S. Army.'' Campaigns and Commanders Series, vol. 3. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. . * Grinnell, George B. (1923). ''The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways'', 2 vols., Edited and Illustrated, (World Wisdom, 2008) . * Hyde, George E. (1968). ''Life of George Bent Written from His Letters''. Ed. by Savoie Lottinville. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. . * {{DEFAULTSORT:Cheyenne Military Societies Cheyenne Native American organizations