Chautauqua ( ) is an adult education and social movement in the United States that peaked in popularity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Chautauqua assemblies expanded and spread throughout
rural America until the mid-1920s. The Chautauqua brought entertainment and culture for the whole community, with speakers, teachers, musicians, showmen, preachers, and specialists of the day. U.S. President
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as Teddy or T.R., was the 26th president of the United States, serving from 1901 to 1909. Roosevelt previously was involved in New York (state), New York politics, incl ...
is often quoted as saying that Chautauqua is "the most American thing in America".
What he actually said was: "it is a source of positive strength and refreshment of mind and body to come to meet a typical American gathering like this—a gathering that is typically American in that it is typical of America at its best." Several Chautauqua assemblies continue to gather to this day, including the original
Chautauqua Institution in
Chautauqua, New York.
History
First Chautauquas
In 1874,
Methodist Episcopal minister
John Heyl Vincent and businessman
Lewis Miller organized the
New York Chautauqua Assembly at a campsite on the shores of
Chautauqua Lake in the
state of New York. Two years earlier, Vincent, editor of the ''Sunday School Journal'', had begun to train
Sunday school
]
A Sunday school, sometimes known as a Sabbath school, is an educational institution, usually Christianity, Christian in character and intended for children or neophytes.
Sunday school classes usually precede a Sunday church service and are u ...
teachers in an outdoor
summer school format. The gatherings grew in popularity. The organization Vincent and Miller founded later became known as the
Chautauqua Institution. Many other independent Chautauquas were developed in a similar manner.
The educational
summer camp
A summer camp, also known as a sleepaway camp or residential camp, is a supervised overnight program for children conducted during the summer vacation from school in many countries. Children and adolescents who attend summer residential camps ...
format proved popular for families and was widely copied by several Chautauquas. Within a decade, "Chautauqua assemblies" (or simply "Chautauquas"), named for the location in New York, sprang up in various North American locations. The Chautauqua movement beginning in the 1870s may be regarded as a successor to the
Lyceum movement from the 1840s. As the Chautauquas began to compete for the best performers and lecturers,
lyceum bureaus assisted with bookings. Today, Lakeside Chautauqua and the Chautauqua Institution, the two largest Chautauquas, still draw thousands each summer season.
Independent Chautauquas
Independent Chautauquas (or "daughter Chautauquas") operated at permanent facilities, usually fashioned after the Chautauqua Institute in New York, or at rented venues such as in an
amusement park. Such Chautauquas were generally built in an attractive semirural location a short distance outside an established town with good
rail service. At the Chautauqua movement's height in the 1920s, several hundred of these existed, but their numbers have since dwindled.
Circuit Chautauquas

"Circuit Chautauquas" (or colloquially, "Tent Chautauquas") were an itinerant manifestation of the Chautauqua movement founded by Keith Vawter (a Redpath Lyceum Bureau manager) and Roy Ellison in 1904. Vawter and Ellison were unsuccessful in their initial attempts to commercialize Chautauqua, but by 1907 they had found a great success in their adaptation of the concept. The program was presented in tents pitched "on a well-drained field near town". After several days, the Chautauqua would fold its tents and move on. The method of organizing a series of touring Chautauquas is attributed to Vawter. Among early Redpath comedians was
Boob Brasfield.
Reactions to tent Chautauquas were mixed. In ''We Called it Culture'', Victoria and Robert Case write of the new itinerant Chautauqua:
The credit–or blame–for devising the Frankenstein mechanism which was both to exalt and to destroy Chautauqua, the tent circuit, must be given to two youths of similar temperament, imagination, and a common purpose. That purpose, bluntly, was to "make a million".
Frank Gunsaulus attacked Vawter:
"You're ruining a splendid movement," Gunsaulus roared at Keith Vawter, whom he met at a railroad junction. "You're cheapening Chautauqua, breaking it down, replacing it with something what will have neither dignity nor permanence."
In Vawter's scheme, each performer or group appeared on a particular day of the program. "First-day" talent would move on to other Chautauquas, followed by the "second-day" performers, and so on, throughout the touring season. By the mid-1920s, when circuit Chautauquas were at their peak, they appeared in over 10,000 communities to audiences of more than 45 million; by about 1940 they had run their course.
''The Chautauquan''
''The Chautauquan'' was a magazine founded in 1880 by Theodore L. Flood. First printed in
Jamestown, New York, the magazine soon found a home in
Meadville, Pennsylvania, where Flood bought a printing shop. It printed articles about Christian history, Sunday school lessons, and lectures from Chautauqua. By the end of the decade, the magazine was printing articles by well-known authors of the day (
John Pentland Mahaffy,
John Burroughs,
Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen), and serial educational material (including courses by
William Torrey Harris and
Arthur Gilman). Strongly allied with the main organization, it had easy access to popular authors ("the big fish in the intellectual sea", according to
Frank Luther Mott), but Flood was wary of making his magazine too dry for popular taste, and sought variety. By 1889 the magazine changed course radically and dropped the serials that were Chautauqua's required reading, expanding with articles on history, biography, travel, politics, and literature. One section had editorial articles from national newspapers; another was the "Woman's Council Table", which excerpted articles often by famous women writers, though all this material remained required reading for the Chautauqua program. Contemporary publications regarded the magazine highly, and Mott writes, "its range of topics was indeed remarkable, and its list of contributors impressive". Flood stopped editing the magazine in 1899, and journalist Frank Chapin Bay, schooled by Chautauqua, took over; the magazine became less a general magazine and more the official organ of the organization.
Lectures
Lectures were the mainstay of the Chautauqua. Until 1917, they dominated the circuit Chautauqua programs. The reform speech and the inspirational talk were the two main types of lecture until 1913.
Later topics included current events, travel, and stories, often with a comedic twist.
Most famous speech
The most prolific speaker (often booked in the same venues with three-time presidential candidate
William Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was an American lawyer, orator, and politician. He was a dominant force in the History of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, running three times as the party' ...
) was
Russell Conwell, who delivered his famous "
Acres of Diamonds" speech 5,000 times to audiences on the Chautauqua and
Lyceum circuits, which had this theme:
Get rich, young man, for money is power and power ought to be in the hands of good people. I say you have no right to be poor.
Other speakers
Maud Ballington Booth, the "Little Mother of the Prisons", was another popular circuit performer. Her descriptions of prison life moved her audiences to tears and roused them to reform.
Jane Addams spoke on social problems and her work at
Hull House.
Helen Potter was another notable Chautauqua performer. She performed a variety of roles, including men and women. Gentile writes: "Potter's choice of subjects is noteworthy for its variety and for the fact that she was credible in her impersonations of men as well as of women. In retrospect, Potter's impersonations are of special interest as examples of the kind of recycling or refertilization of inspiration that occurs throughout the history of the one-person show." On a lighter note, author
Opie Read's stories and homespun philosophy endeared him to audiences. Other well-known speakers and lecturers at Chautauqua events of various forms included U.S. Representative
Champ Clark, Missouri Governor
Herbert S. Hadley, and Wisconsin Governor
"Fighting Bob" La Follette.
Religious expression
Christian instruction, preaching, and worship were a big part of the Chautauqua experience. Although the movement was founded by
Methodists,
nondenominational
A non-denominational person or organization is one that does not follow (or is not restricted to) any particular or specific religious denomination.
The term has been used in the context of various faiths, including Jainism, Baháʼí Faith, Zoro ...
ism was a Chautauqua principle from the beginning, and prominent Catholics like
Catherine Doherty took part. In 1892, Lutheran theologian
Theodore Emanuel Schmauk was one of the organizers of the Pennsylvania Chautauqua.
Early religious expression in Chautauqua was usually of a general nature, comparable to the later
Moral Re-Armament movement. In the first half of the 20th century,
fundamentalism
Fundamentalism is a tendency among certain groups and individuals that are characterized by the application of a strict literal interpretation to scriptures, dogmas, or ideologies, along with a strong belief in the importance of distinguis ...
was the subject of an increasing number of Chautauqua sermons and lectures. But the great number of Chautauquas, as well as the absence of any central authority over them, meant that religious patterns varied greatly among them. Some were so religiously oriented that they were essentially
church camps, while more
secular Chautauquas resembled
summer school and competed with
vaudeville
Vaudeville (; ) is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment which began in France in the middle of the 19th century. A ''vaudeville'' was originally a comedy without psychological or moral intentions, based on a comical situation: a drama ...
in theaters and
circus tent shows with their animal acts and
trapeze acrobats.
One example,
Lakeside Chautauqua, is privately owned but affiliated with the
United Methodist Church
The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a worldwide mainline Protestant Christian denomination, denomination based in the United States, and a major part of Methodism. In the 19th century, its main predecessor, the Methodist Episcopal Church, was ...
. In contrast, the
Colorado Chautauqua is entirely
nondenominational
A non-denominational person or organization is one that does not follow (or is not restricted to) any particular or specific religious denomination.
The term has been used in the context of various faiths, including Jainism, Baháʼí Faith, Zoro ...
and mostly secular.
Competition with vaudeville
In the 1890s, both Chautauqua and vaudeville were gaining popularity and establishing themselves as important forms of entertainment. While Chautauqua had its roots in Sunday school and valued morality and education highly, vaudeville grew out of
minstrel show
The minstrel show, also called minstrelsy, was an American form of theater developed in the early 19th century. The shows were performed by mostly white actors wearing blackface makeup for the purpose of portraying racial stereotypes of Afr ...
s,
variety acts, and
crude humor, and so the two movements found themselves at odds. Chautauqua was considered wholesome family entertainment and appealed to middle classes and people who considered themselves respectable or aspired to respectability. Vaudeville, on the other hand, was widely considered vulgar
babbitry, and appealed to working-class men. There was a stark distinction between the two, and they generally did not share performers or audiences.
At the turn of the 20th century, vaudeville managers began a push for more "refinement", as well as a loosening of Victorian-era morals from the Chautauqua side. Over time, as vaudeville became more respectable, Chautauqua became more permissive in what it considered acceptable acts. The boundaries between the two began to blur.
Music

Music was important to Chautauqua, with
band music in particular demand.
John Philip Sousa protégé
Bohumir Kryl's
Bohemia
Bohemia ( ; ; ) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. In a narrow, geographic sense, it roughly encompasses the territories of present-day Czechia that fall within the Elbe River's drainage basin, but historic ...
n Band was frequently seen on the circuit. One of the numbers Kryl featured was the "
Anvil Chorus" from ''
Il Trovatore'', with four husky timpanists in leather aprons hammering on anvils shooting sparks (enhanced through
special effects) across the darkened stage.
Spirituals were also popular. White audiences appreciated seeing African-Americans performing something other than
minstrelsy. Other musical features of the Chautauqua included groups like the
Jubilee Singers, who sang a mix of spirituals and popular tunes, and singers and
instrumental
An instrumental or instrumental song is music without any vocals, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a big band setting. Through Semantic change, semantic widening, a broader sense of the word s ...
groups like
American Quartette, who played popular music, ballads, and songs from the "old country". Entertainers on the Chautauqua circuit such as
Charles Ross Taggart, billed as "The Man From Vermont" and "The Old Country Fiddler", played violin, sang, performed ventriloquism and comedy, and told tall tales about life in rural
New England
New England is a region consisting of six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York (state), New York to the west and by the ...
.
Opera became a part of the Chautauqua experience in 1926, when the
American Opera Company, an outgrowth of the
Eastman School of Music, began touring the country. Under the direction of Russian tenor
Vladimir Rosing, the AOC presented five operas in one week at the Chautauqua Amphitheater. By 1929, a permanent Chautauqua Opera company had been established.
Political context
Chautauquas can be viewed in the context of the populist ferment of the late 19th century. Manifestos such as the "
Populist Party Platform" voiced disdain for political corruption and championed the plight of the common people in the face of the rich and powerful. Other favorite political reform topics in Chautauqua lectures included
temperance (even
prohibition),
women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the women's rights, right of women to Suffrage, vote in elections. Several instances occurred in recent centuries where women were selectively given, then stripped of, the right to vote. In Sweden, conditional women's suffra ...
, and
child labor laws.
But the Chautauqua movement usually avoided taking political stands as such, instead inviting public officials of all major political parties to lecture, assuring a balanced program for the members of the assembly. For example, during the 1936 season at the
Chautauqua Institution, in anticipation of that year's presidential election, visitors heard addresses by
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is the longest-serving U.S. president, and the only one to have served ...
,
Republican nominee
Alf Landon, and two
third-party candidates.
Typical Chautauqua circuit
A route taken by a troupe of Chautauqua entertainers, the May Valentine Opera Company, which presented
Gilbert and Sullivan's ''
The Mikado'' during its 1925 "Summer Season", began on March 26 in
Abbeville, Louisiana, and ended on September 6 in
Sidney, Montana.
In popular culture
The Chautauqua style of teaching is a recurring motif in
Robert M. Pirsig's ''
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance''.
''
The Trouble with Girls'', a 1969 film starring Elvis Presley, was based on the 1960 novel ''Chautauqua'' by
Day Keene and Dwight Vincent Babcock.
See also
*
Chautauqua Circle
*
Big Top Chautauqua, a 900-seat tent music venue and performing arts center near
Bayfield, Wisconsin
* ''
Chautauqua Girl'', a Canadian telefilm that takes place in the context of the 1920s Chautauqua movement
*
Lecture circuit
*
Lyceum
*
Lyceum Movement
*
Oregon Lyceum
*
TED Talks
References
Bibliography
* Hurlbut, Jesse Lyman (1921)
''The Story of Chautauqua'' New York: G.P. Putman's Sons.
University of Iowa Libraries, accessed: 2006-03-18.
* Galey, Mary (1981): ''The Grand Assembly: The Story of Life at the Colorado Chautauqua''. Boulder, Colorado: First Flatiron Press, .
* Gentile, John S (1989): ''Cast of One: One-Person Shows from the Chautauqua Platform to the Broadway Stage''. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. .
* Gould, Joseph Edward (1961): "The Chautauqua Movement". Albany, New York. State University of New York Press, .
* Pettem, Silvia (1998): ''Chautauqua Centennial, a Hundred Years of Programs''. http://www.silviapettem.com/books.html
* Rieser, Andrew (2003): ''The Chautauqua Moment: Protestants, Progressives, and the Culture of Modern Liberalism''. New York: Columbia University Press, .
*
* Merkel, Diane on behalf of the Walton County Heritage Association (2008): ''Images of America DeFuniak Springs''. Arcadia Publishing, .
External links
Chautauqua Institution
The Great Lecture LibraryTraveling Culture: Circuit Chautauqua in the Twentieth CenturyColorado Chautauqua, Boulder, COGreenville Chautauqua SocietyNew Piasa Chautauqua, Chautauqua, ILTraveling Culture: Circuit Chautauqua in the Twentieth CenturyProgram catalog, 1905 Chautauqua, Rockford, ILChautauqua Trail, A North American Cultural Renaissance
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History of education in the United States
Progressive Era in the United States
Adult education in the United States