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''Charaxes protoclea'', the flame-bordered emperor or flame-bordered charaxes, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found
Subsaharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa. Geopolitically, in addition to the African ...
."''Charaxes'' Ochsenheimer, 1816"
at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''
It is a common forest charaxes.


Description

The wingspan is 65–70 mm in males and 75–95 mm in females. ''Ch. protoclea'' Feisth. has the forewing above unicolorous black, only in cellules la—2 with orange-yellow marginal spots or with orange-yellow marginal band; hindwing above also deep black but with very broad orange-yellow marginal band, 10 mm. in breadth at vein 3, usually enclosing a black dot in cellules lc and 6; the under surface of both wings dark umber-brown with the markings ferruginous, only in cellule lc of the forewing black; the costal margin of the forewing not lighter than the ground-colour. The female is quite unlike the male and has on both surfaces a very broad white median band, which in cellules 3—7 of the forewing is more or less completely broken up into spots; the ground-colour is above blackish, beneath lighter grey-brown than in the male the forewing above as in the male only with orange-yellow marginal spots in cellules la—-2; the yellow marginal band on the upperside of the hindwing only 3 mm. in breadth. Senegambia to Angola. — ''nothodes'' Jord, connects the type-form with ''azota'', the marginal spots of the forewing being better developed than in the former, but less than in ''azota'', and the submarginal spots not so complete as in ''azota''. Tanganyika. — ''azota'' Hew. must be regarded as the eastern race. The male only differs in having the orange-yellow marginal band on the upperside of the fore wing extending to the apex and preceded by a transverse row of orange-yellow submarginal spots, which are or less confluent with the marginal ones. The female has a still broader white median band on the upper surface, on the forewing broken up into two rows of spots in cellules 2—7, of which the distal row is formed of large orange-yellow spots; the orange-yellow marginal band on the forewing above is complete, as in the male . Distributed in East Africa from Delagoa Bay to Nyassaland and British East Africa, male-ab. ''nyasana'' Btlr. only differs in having the marginal and submarginal spots on the upperside of the forewing connected as far as vein 5, enclosing a black spot; in the normal form these spots are already separated in cellule 4. Nyassaland.


Biology

Has two broods from October to November and from February to June. The habitat is
Miombo woodland The Miombo woodland is a tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome (in the World Wide Fund for Nature scheme) located primarily in Central Africa. It includes four woodland savanna ecoregions (listed below) characterized b ...
. Larvae feed on ''
Afzelia quanzensis ''Afzelia quanzensis'' (pod mahogany, af, peulmahonie, ve, mutokota, zu, inkehli) is a protected tree in South Africa. This deciduous tree can grow up to 20m in height, and has smooth, grey bark, which can flake in irregular patches. It has glo ...
'', ''
Brachystegia spiciformis ''Brachystegia spiciformis'', commonly known as zebrawood, or msasa, is a medium-sized African tree having compound leaves and racemes of small fragrant green flowers. The tree is broad and has a distinctive amber and wine red colour when the y ...
'', and '' Julbernardia globiflora''. Notes on the biology of ''protoclea'' are given by Kielland (1990), (1991) and Pringle et al (1994) .


Taxonomy

'' Charaxes cynthia'' group The group members are *'' Charaxes cynthia'' similar to '' Charaxes lucretius'' *''Charaxes protoclea'' *'' Charaxes boueti'' close to next *''
Charaxes lasti ''Charaxes lasti'', the silver-striped charaxes, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Kenya and Tanzania. Description ''lasti'' Smith male: the black spots on the upperside of the forewing which divide the median band are ...
'' close to last *'' Charaxes alticola''


Subspecies

Listed alphabetically. *''C. p. azota'' (Hewitson, 1877) (Kenya, Tanzania, north-eastern Zambia, Malawi, eastern Zimbabwe, southern Mozambique, South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal) *''C. p. catenaria'' Rousseau-Decelle, 1934 (Democratic Republic of the Congo, western Tanzania, Zambia) *''C. p. cedrici'' Canu, 1989 (Bioko) *''C. p. nothodes'' Jordan, 1911 (Democratic Republic of the Congo, western Uganda, north-western Tanzania) *''C. p. protoclea'' Feisthamel, 1850 (Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, western Nigeria) *''C. p. protonothodes'' van Someren, 1971van Someren, V.G.L. 1971. Revisional notes on African ''Charaxes'' (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae). Part VII. ''Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) ''(Entomology) 26:181-226. (Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, Congo, north-western Angola, north-western Democratic Republic of the Congo)


Subspecies gallery

File:Charaxes protoclea protoclea.jpg, ''C. p. protoclea'' male File:Charaxes protoclea azota.jpg, ''C. p. azota'' male from Kenya File:Charaxes protoclea protonothodes.jpg, ''C. p. protonothodes'' male from
CAR A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of ''cars'' say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods. The year 1886 is regarded as ...


References

* Victor Gurney Logan Van Someren, 1971 Revisional notes on African ''Charaxes'' (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VII. ''Bulletin of the British Museum'' (Natural History) (Entomology)181-22


External links


Images of ''C. protoclea azota''
Royal Museum for Central Africa (Albertine Rift Project)
Images of ''C. protoclea catenaria''
(Albertine Rift Project)
Images of ''C. protoclea nothodes''
(Albertine Rift Project)
Images of ''C. protoclea protoclea ''
(Albertine Rift Project)
''Charaxes protoclea'' images
at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
''Charaxes protoclea protoclea'' images
at BOLD
''Charaxes protoclea azota'' images
at BOLD
''Charaxes protoclea catenaria'' images
at BOLD
''Charaxes protoclea cedreici'' images
at BOLD
''Charaxes protoclea nothodes'' images
at BOLD
''Charaxes protoclea protonothodes'' images
at BOLD
Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 31
''d'' ssp. ''azota'' protoclea Butterflies described in 1850 {{Charaxinae-stub