(8 December 1657 – 20 July 1703), formally known as

Prince Gong Yixin (11January 1833– 29May 1898), better known in English as PrinceGong or Kung, was an imperial prince of the Aisin Gioro clan and an important statesman of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in China. He was a regent of the empire from 1861 to 18 ...

, was a

Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic peoples, Tungusic East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized Ethnic minorities in China, ethnic minority in China and the people from wh ...

prince of the

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

. He was born in the

Aisin Gioro The House of Aisin-Gioro is a Manchu clan that ruled the Later Jin dynasty (1616–1636), the Qing dynasty (1636–1912), and Manchukuo (1932–1945) in the history of China. Under the Ming dynasty, members of the Aisin Gioro clan served as chie ...

clan as the fifth son of the

Shunzhi Emperor The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661), also known by his temple name Emperor Shizu of Qing, personal name Fulin, was the second Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China pro ...

, making him a half-brother of the

Kangxi Emperor The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 165420 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign of 61 ...

Life

Changning received his princedom on 1 March 1671. In August 1690, he was named one of two commanders-in-chief for an expedition against Dzungar leader Galdan, a long-time enemy of the

Qing Empire The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

. Having been granted the title of "Great General Who Pacifies the North" (安北大將軍), he was ordered to march his armies through the Xifengkou Pass (喜峰口) north of

Beijing Beijing, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's List of national capitals by population, most populous national capital city as well as ...

, and then to combine his forces with those of his half-brother, Fuquan, the other commander-in-chief, in order to attack Galdan. They reached Galdan's position on September 3, but after a battle that ended in a standstill, they let Galdan escape, a mistake for which Changning was stripped of his place on the Deliberative Council of Princes and High Officials. In 1696, Changning took part in a new campaign that decisively weakened Galdan before the latter's final defeat in 1697. When he died on 20 July 1703, Changning was not given posthumous honors equal to his princely rank, and was not allowed to pass on his title to his descendants, who instead inherited diminished ranks according to the laws concerning the transmission of Qing nobility titles., pages 69-70.

Family

Primary Consort * First primary consort, of the

Nara The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government within the executive branch, charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It is also task ...

clan () * Second primary consort, of the Ma clan () ** Yongshou, General of the Second Rank (; 15 December 1671 – 7 June 1686), first son Concubine * Mistress, of the Jin clan () ** Princess Chunxi of the First Rank (; 28 December 1671 – 13 January 1742), first daughter *** Married Bandi (; 1664–1755) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1690 ** ''Third daughter'' (23 December 1674 – January/February 1681) ** ''Fourth daughter'' (3 December 1676 – January/February 1679) * Mistress, of the

Šušu Gioro Šušu Gioro (，pinyin: Shushu Jueluo) was a clan of Manchu nobility belonging to the Gioro Hala . The other families belonging to the Gioro family were: Aisin Gioro, the ruling clan from 1644 to 1912, Irgen Gioro and Sirin Gioro. The clan des ...

clan () ** Manduhu, Duke of the First Rank (; 25 October 1674 – 11 June 1731), second son ** ''Fifth daughter'' (8 January 1677 – December 1678 or January 1679) * Mistress, of the Chen clan () ** Second daughter (30 March 1674 – May/June 1695) *** Married Du'erma () of the Manchu

Gūwalgiya Gūwalgiya was one of the most powerful Manchu clans. It is often listed by historians as the first of the eight prominent Manchu clans of the Qing dynasty. After the demise of the dynasty, some of its descendants sinicized their clan name to th ...

clan in September/October 1688 ** Haishan, Prince Ximin of the Third Rank (; 4 June 1676 – 21 March 1743), third son * Mistress, of the Sakda clan () ** Duiqing'e, General of the Second Rank (; 17 March 1681 – 4 October 1742), fourth son ** Zhuotai, General of the Second Rank (; 21 September 1683 – 4 July 1705), fifth son ** ''Seventh daughter'' (5 April 1686 – September/October 1687) * Mistress, of the

Niohuru The Niohuru (Manchu: ; in Manchu) were a prominent Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty. The clan had inhabited the Changbai Mountains since as early as the Liao dynasty. The clan was well known during the Qing dynasty for producing a variety ...

clan () ** Sixth daughter (22 August 1684 – April/May 1712) *** Married Du'erma () of the Manchu

clan in January/February 1698 * Mistress, of the Wu clan () ** Wenshubao (; 26 February 1687 – 4 October 1708), sixth son

Life

Family

In fiction and popular culture

See also

Notes

References