''Jasminum grandiflorum'', also known variously as the Spanish jasmine, Royal jasmine, Catalan jasmine, Sicilian jasmine, is a species of

jasmine Jasmine (botanical name: ''Jasminum'', pronounced ) is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family of Oleaceae. It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. Jasmines are wid ...

native to South Asia, the Arabian peninsula, East and Northeast Africa and the

Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...

and

Sichuan Sichuan is a province in Southwestern China, occupying the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau—between the Jinsha River to the west, the Daba Mountains to the north, and the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the south. Its capital city is Cheng ...

regions of China. The species is widely cultivated and is reportedly naturalized in

Guinea Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sier ...

, the

Maldive Islands The Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, and historically known as the Maldive Islands, is an archipelagic country in South Asia located in the Indian Ocean. The Maldives is southwest of Sri Lanka and India, about from the Asian c ...

Mauritius Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Ag ...

Réunion Réunion (; ; ; known as before 1848) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department and region of France. Part of the Mascarene Islands, it is located approximately east of the isl ...

Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...

, the

Cook Islands The Cook Islands is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of 15 islands whose total land area is approximately . The Cook Islands' Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers of ocean. Avarua is its ...

Chiapas Chiapas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas, is one of the states that make up the Political divisions of Mexico, 32 federal entities of Mexico. It comprises Municipalities of Chiapas, 124 municipalities and its capital and large ...

, Central America, and the Caribbean. It is closely related to, and sometimes treated as merely a form of, ''

Jasminum officinale ''Jasminum officinale'', known as the common jasmine or simply jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family (biology), family Oleaceae. It is native to the Caucasus and parts of Asia, also widely naturalized. It is also known ...

''.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan .

Description

It is a scrambling

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed Leaf, leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...

shrub A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple ...

growing to 2–4 m tall. The leaves are opposite, 5–12 cm long, pinnate with 5–11 leaflets. The flowers are produced in open

cymes In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a main axis ( ped ...

, the individual flowers are white having

corolla Corolla may refer to: *Toyota Corolla, an automobile model name *Corolla (botany), the petals of a flower, considered as a unit *Corolla (headgear), an ancient headdress in the form of a circlet or crown * ''Corolla'' (gastropod), a genus of mollu ...

with a basal tube 13–25 mm long and five lobes 13–22 mm long.Flora of Pakistan
''Jasminum grandiflorum''
/ref>Flora of China v 15 p 313
''Jasminum grandiflorum''
/ref> In Pakistan, it grows wild in the

Salt Range The Salt Range ( and Namkistan نمکستان) is a mountain range in the north of Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends along the south of the Potohar Plateau and the north ...

and

Rawalpindi District Rawalpindi District (Punjabi language, Punjabi and ) is a Districts of Pakistan, district located in the northernmost part of the Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab province of Pakistan. Parts of the district form part of the Islamabad Rawalpindi metropo ...

at 500–1500 m altitude.

Etymology

'Jasminum' is a

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

ized form of the

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

word 'yasmin' for sweetly scented plants.Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). pp 220 'Grandiflorum' is a Latin term meaning large, showy flowers.

Morphology

''J. grandiflorum'' grow in shrubs that are semi-spreading. These plants have green, woody, pubescent stems that are either angular or grooved shape. The green colored leaves are ovate-acute or acuminate shaped and are either pinnatipartite or pinnately compound. The surface of the leaves are glabrous, have no hairs, with a wavy leaf margin and contain no stipules. These leaves are about 0.35 mm thick that are arranged in whorls of three and also include short petioles. The sepals of the flowers are green with white, glabrous flowers in a linear arrangement. There are two stamen, each with a yellow colored anther, in the center of the corolla tube per flower. These flowers contain no fruit.

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognized: *''Jasminum grandiflorum'' subsp. ''floribundum'' (R.Br. ex Fresen.) P.S.Green (syn., ''Jasminum floribundum'' R. Br. ex Fresen.) - African and Arabian portions of natural range *''Jasminum grandiflorum'' subsp. ''grandiflorum'' - South Asian plants as well as cultivars and naturalized populations

Uses

Medicine

Ancient Indian physicians such as Charaka and Sushruta used ''Jasminum grandiflorum'' for various medicinal purposes. This flower is also given a variety of names in India as it is used for different remedies. Parts of ''J. grandiflorum'', including their sprouts and flowers (dried), have been used for prescriptions. This type of holistic medicine was used to treat various sicknesses such as dermatosis, coryza, and nasal haemorrhage. The leaves of ''J. grandiflorum'' is utilized as an ingredient for clarified butter, a treatment for infected wounds and cleaning and sterilizing ulcers. In addition, the leaves can be made into an oil as a remedy for infection. The leaves may also be chewed on to aid in toothaches and stomatitis. The root of the plant would be cooked with goat's milk and sugar to relieve pain in urine retention and kidney stone release. The root was also made into a paste to improve the skin and removing freckles or dark shades. The root paste would be applied to the foreheads as well for any headaches. This plant is used as another ingredient for hair oil to treat baldness and alopecia. It can also be used as a component for an eye-salve to help vision loss. In India, ''Jasminum grandiflorum'', was additionally prescribed for severe skin diseases and leprosy. In the West, the flowers have also been made into a syrup as a medicine for throat issues such as coughs and hoarseness.

Fragrance

Jasmine has been made into a well-known scent around the world. It was introduced as a perfume in Europe in the 16th century. The flowers create an aroma that exudes a calm atmosphere, relieving mental and emotional strains. Due to the pleasing scent, ''J. grandiflorum'' are commonly made into essential oils, perfumes, soaps, and cosmetics worldwide.

Chemical Composition

''J. grandiflorum'' is composed of benzyl acetate (23.7%), benzyl benzoate (20.7%), phytol (10.9%), linalool (8.2%), isophytol (5.5%), geranyl linalool (3.0%), methyl linoleate (2.8%) and eugenol (2.5%). These components contribute to creating the popular jasmine fragrance.

Methyl jasmonate Methyl jasmonate (abbreviated MeJA) is a volatile organic compound used in plant defense and many diverse developmental pathways such as seed germination, root growth, flowering, fruit ripening, and senescence. Methyl jasmonate is derived from ja ...

isolated from the jasmine oil of ''Jasinum grandiflorum'' led to the discovery of the molecular structure of the

jasmonate Jasmonate (JA) and its derivatives are lipid-based plant hormones that regulate a wide range of processes in plants, ranging from growth and photosynthesis to reproductive development. In particular, JAs are critical for plant defense against herb ...

plant hormones.

Conservation

Because of the valued medicinal properties of this plant, there have been efforts to conserve it. Pharmaceutical companies rely on the export of ''Jasminum grandiflorum'' from countries such as India and Bangladesh. Commercial cultivation is rarely seen of the plant. In vitro micropropagation is a method that has been used to conserve the plant by rapidly producing clones of the original parent species under a short time period and in sterile conditions.

References

External links

*http://www.researchgate.net/publication/215517134_Jasminum_grandiflorum_Linn_(Chameli)_Ethnobotany_Phytochemistry_and_Pharmacology__A_review *http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_de7b.html {{Taxonbar, from=Q2718279 grandiflorum Garden plants of Asia Plants described in 1762 Medicinal plants Flora of Pakistan Flora of Yunnan Flora of Sichuan Flora of Rwanda Flora of Uganda Flora of Kenya Flora of Northeast Tropical Africa Flora of Saudi Arabia Flora of Oman Flora of West Himalaya Flora of Nepal Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus