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Chalcosiinae is a
Image:TES 5376 (26022138876).jpg, ''Achelura sanguifasciata''
Image:MOT 7041 (26048078335).jpg, ''Agalope formosana''
Image:MOT 6631 (25981807741).jpg, ''Agalope wangi''
Image:DSG1832 (25445749073).jpg, ''Amesia sanguiflua''
Image:Arbudas leno (26048521865).jpg, ''Arbudas leno''
Image:MOT 8354 (25982257941).jpg, ''Arbudas submacula''
Image:Campylotes histrionicus munsiari.jpg, ''Campylotes histrionicus''
Image:MOT 3858 (26049090165).jpg, ''Campylotes maculosa''
Image:Chalcosia formosana contradicta (5763813046).jpg, ''Chalcosia formosana''
Image:Corma sp cf. maculata (7211457934).jpg, ''Corma maculata''
Image:Cyclosia papilionaris by Kadavoor.JPG, ''Cyclosia papilionaris''
Image:Zygaenid Moth (Eterusia aedea) (7113033801).jpg, ''Eterusia aedea''
Image:Erasmia pulchella (5773905823).jpg, ''Erasmia pulchella''
Image:Gynautocera rubriscutellata (4809395024).jpg, ''Gynautocera rubriscutellata''
Image:Histia flabellicornis (5404339855).jpg, ''Histia flabellicornis''
Image:Neochalcosia remota s2.jpg, ''Neochalcosia remota''
Image:Pidorus atratus (4808826689).jpg, ''Pidorus atratus''
Image:Pidorus glaucopis.JPG, ''Pidorus glaucopis''
Image:Red Wings (26059092816).jpg, ''Retina rubrivitta''
Image:Twmoth000247 (16603977726).jpg, ''Soritia strandi''
Chalcosiinae is a subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...
of the Zygaenidae
The Zygaenidae moths are a family of Lepidoptera. The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions. Some of the 1000 or so species are commonly known as burnet or forester moths, ofte ...
, containing many species
A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
, mostly little known. Prominent sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different Morphology (biology), morphological characteristics, including characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most dioecy, di ...
, bright aposematic
Aposematism is the Advertising in biology, advertising by an animal, whether terrestrial or marine, to potential predation, predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. This unprofitability may consist of any defenses which make the pr ...
coloration and mimicry
In evolutionary biology, mimicry is an evolved resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. In the simples ...
complexes are widespread.
Several members of this subfamily remain relatively obscure, only being known from a single specimen, as in the case of the genus '' Isocrambia''. Some others are known from specimens of a specific sex, such as '' Cyanidia'' and '' Allocaprima''.
Distribution
The members of Chalcosiinae are distributed throughoutPalearctic
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is a biogeographic realm of the Earth, the largest of eight. Confined almost entirely to the Eastern Hemisphere, it stretches across Europe and Asia, north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa.
Th ...
East Asia
East Asia is a geocultural region of Asia. It includes China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan, plus two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macau. The economies of Economy of China, China, Economy of Ja ...
, Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...
, Melanesia
Melanesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from New Guinea in the west to the Fiji Islands in the east, and includes the Arafura Sea.
The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, Vanu ...
, and Micronesia
Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of approximately 2,000 small islands in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: Maritime Southeast Asia to the west, Poly ...
. The majority of the subfamily extending as far north as the Russian Far-East ('' Elcysma westwoodi'') and as far west as Pakistan ('' Campylotes''). A single genus, '' Aglaope'' is disjunctly distributed from the remainder of the subfamily, being found in the Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprisin ...
and southern France.
Mimicry
A large majority of Chalcosiine moths engage in mimicry complexes with a large variety of butterflies and moths. Yen Shen-Horn designates 19 unique types, separated by wing patterns which allow the ability to mimic a large variety of lepidopterans. Species that are mimicked by Chalcosiine moths include: ''Laelia
''Laelia'' is a small genus of 25 species in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ''Laelia'' species are found in areas of subtropical or temperate climate in Central America, Central and South America, but mostly in Mexico. ''Laelia'' is abbreviat ...
'', '' Pantana'', '' Calinaga'', ''Parantica
''Parantica'', commonly called tigers, is an Old World genus of butterflies in subfamily Danainae of family Nymphalidae. They are found in southeastern Asia, Indonesia, Papua-New Guinea, and the Philippines. Many of these species are endemic to i ...
'', ''Aporia
In philosophy, an aporia () is a conundrum or state of puzzlement. In rhetoric, it is a declaration of doubt, made for rhetorical purpose and often feigned. The notion of an aporia is principally found in ancient Greek philosophy, but it also p ...
'', ''Idea
In philosophy and in common usage, an idea (from the Greek word: ἰδέα (idea), meaning 'a form, or a pattern') is the results of thought. Also in philosophy, ideas can also be mental representational images of some object. Many philosophe ...
'', '' Ideopsis'', ''Euploea
''Euploea'' is a genus of milkweed butterflies. The species are generally dark in coloration, often quite blackish, for which reason they are commonly called crows. As usual for their subfamily, they are poisonous due to feeding on milkweeds a ...
'', ''Danaus
In Greek mythology, Danaus (, ; ''Danaós'') was the king of Libya. His myth is a foundation legend of Argos, one of the foremost Mycenaean cities of the Peloponnesus. In Homer's ''Iliad'', " Danaans" ("tribe of Danaus") and " Argives" comm ...
'', '' Delias'', ''Eurema
''Eurema'' is a widespread genus of grass yellow butterfly, butterflies in the family Pieridae.
Species range from Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceania, to the New World. The type species is the North American barred yellow (''Eurema daira' ...
'', '' Milionia'', '' Scrobigera'', '' Nyctemera'', '' Dysphania'', Lithosiinae
The Lithosiini are a tribe of lichen moths in the family Erebidae. The taxon was described by Gustaf Johan Billberg in 1820.
Systematics
The tribe was previously treated as a higher-level taxon, the subfamily Lithosiinae, within the lichen a ...
, Sesiidae
The Sesiidae or clearwing moths are a diurnality, diurnal moth family (biology), family in the order Lepidoptera known for their Batesian mimicry in both appearance and behaviour of various Hymenoptera.
The family consists of 165 genus, genera ...
, Syntomini
The Syntomini are a tribe (biology), tribe of moths in the family Erebidae. The tribe was erected by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1846.
Taxonomy
The tribe used to be classified in the subfamily Ctenuchinae of the family Arctiidae ...
, '' Asota'', '' Damias'', ''Retina
The retina (; or retinas) is the innermost, photosensitivity, light-sensitive layer of tissue (biology), tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some Mollusca, molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focus (optics), focused two-dimensional ...
'', Troidini
Troidini is a tribe of swallowtail butterflies that consists of some 135 species in 12 genera. Members of this tribe are superlatively large among butterflies (in terms of both wingspan and surface area) and are often strikingly coloured.
Gener ...
, '' Melanothrix''
Systematics
Alberti (1954) created five tribes within the subfamily. The five tribes only covered 40 genera, with the remaining 25 genera at the time lacking the proper material to warrant division. With this subfamily's notorious obscurity, and the relative variation between species and subspecies, the relationships between members is still quite indeterminate. S.H. Yen and team (2005) proposes 18 clades, with the Heteropanini being elevated to subfamily level. Clade 1 encompassing Agalopini and Aglaopini, Clade 2 encompassing an extended Cyclosiini, and Chalcosiini being the remainder of clades 6-18. As they describe, the nomenclature for this subfamily is currently unstable and is subject to further revision. The subfamily consists of about 380 species in 70 genera. It contains the following generaAglaopini
*'' Aglaope''Agalopini
*'' Agalope'' *'' Boradia'' *'' Campylotes'' *'' Chalcophaedra'' *'' Corma'' *'' Elcysma'' *''Herpa
Herpa Miniaturmodelle GMBH (or simply Herpa, an acronym for "Hergenröther und Patente”, the original name of the firm), is a German manufacturing company that produces die-cast scale model aircraft (under the " Herpa Wings" trademark) and pla ...
''
*'' Philopator''
*'' Rhodopsona''
Cyclosiini
*'' Cadphises'' *'' Cyclosia'' *'' Hampsonia''Chalcosiini
*'' Amesia'' *'' Anarbudas'' *'' Aphantocephala'' *'' Caprima'' *'' Chalcosia'' *'' Docleopsis'' *''Erasmia
Erasmia is a suburb in the northern outskirts of Centurion in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Originally a whites-only area under apartheid
Apartheid ( , especially South African English: , ; , ) was a system o ...
''
*'' Erasmiphlebohecta''
*'' Eterusia''
*'' Eusphalera''
*'' Gynautocera''
*'' Histia''
*'' Milleria''
*'' Pidorus''
*'' Pompelon''
*'' Prosopandrophila''
*'' Psaphis''
*'' Pseudarbudas''
*'' Pseudonyctemera''
*'' Pseudoscaptesyle''
*''Retina
The retina (; or retinas) is the innermost, photosensitivity, light-sensitive layer of tissue (biology), tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some Mollusca, molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focus (optics), focused two-dimensional ...
''
*'' Soritia''
*'' Trypanophora''
Heteropanini
*'' Arbudas'' *'' Chalcosiopsis'' *'' Eumorphiopais'' *'' Heteropan''''Incertae sedis''
*'' Achelura'' *'' Allocyclosia'' *'' Atelesia'' *'' Barbaroscia'' *'' Boradiopsis'' *'' Canerkes'' *'' Clematoessa'' *'' Cleoda'' *'' Codane'' *'' Cryptophysophilus'' *'' Cyanidia'' *'' Devanica'' *'' Didina'' *'' Docleomorpha'' *'' Epyrgis'' *'' Eucorma'' *'' Eucormopsis'' *'' Euxanthopyge'' *'' Hadrionella'' *'' Hemiscia'' *'' Hemichrysoptera'' *'' Herpidia'' *'' Herpolasia'' *'' Heteropanula'' *''Heterusinula'' *''Isbarta'' *'' Isocrambia'' *''Laurion (moth), Laurion'' *''Mimascaptesyle'' *''Mimeuploea'' *''Neochalcosia'' *''Neoherpa'' *''Opisoplatia'' *''Panherpina'' *''Phlebohecta'' *''Pintia (moth), Pintia'' *''Sciodoclea'' *''Scotopais'' *''Thaumastophleps'' *''Watermenia''Gallery
References